Introduction: Since 1956 there have been numerous scientific articles about free radical theory of aging which both confirm and deny the theory. Due to oxygen metabolism, there are relatively high concentrations of molecular oxygen in human cells, especially in mitochondria. Under normal physiological conditions, a small fraction of oxygen is constantly converted to ROS, such as superoxide radical (O2^−•,), H₂O₂, and related metabolites. Aim of the study: The aim of this work was to show the relation between the activity of main antioxidative enzymes and the age of the examined patients. Materials and methods: The analysis of antioxidant defense was performed on the blood samples from 184 “aged“ individuals aged 65–90+ years, and compared to the blood samples of 37 individuals just about at the beginning of aging, aged 55–59 years. Results: The statistically significant decreases of Zn,Cu-superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were observed in elderly people in comparison with the control group. Moreover, an inverse correlation between the activities of SOD-1, CAT, and GSH-Px and the age of the examined persons was found. No age-related changes in glutathione reductase activities and malondialdehyde concentrations were observed. Conclusion: Lower activities of fundamental antioxidant enzymes in the erythrocytes of elderly people, which indicate the impairment of antioxidant defense in the aging organism and the intensity of peroxidative lipid structures, were observed.

The objective of the study was to determine the degree of adherence to pharmacological treatment in people in pre-older adults and older adults age groups and to analyse the correlation between selected sociodemographic parameters, severity of anxiety as a trait, symptoms of depression, a sense of family support and satisfaction with life, and adherence in people over 55 years of age. The study was conducted in a group of 2,040 people (1,406 women, 634 men) aged 55 to 100 (the average age was 65.4). The following sociodemographic variables were analysed: age, gender, education. The following scales were used: State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The Adherence in Chronic Diseases Scale (ACDS) was used to test adherence, understood as the implementation of the therapeutic plan. The results obtained in the ACDS ranged from 6 to 28 points; the median was 24 points (21–28). The multiple coefficients of determination (multiple R² = 0.11; p < 0.001) indicated an explanation of approximately 11% of the value of the ACDS dependent variable. The total correlation of all variables (multiple R) with the ACDS general variable in the mean correlation was 0.33. Independent factors affecting adherence assessed in the ACDS were: severity of anxiety as a trait (p = −0.21 ± 0.03; p < 0.001), family support (p = 0.10 ± 0.04; p = 0.029), severity of depression symptoms (p = −0.08 ± 0.03; p = 0.005), age of respondents (p = 0.07 ± 0.02; p = 0.003) and satisfaction with life (p = 0.06 ± 0 0.03; p = 0.027). Severity of anxiety as a trait, age, severity of depressive symptoms, a sense of satisfaction with life and family support are important factors affecting adherence.

Antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) activity depends on accessible targets, tissue distribution, payload release, cellular susceptibility, and host immunity. Radiotherapy (RT) can modify these determinants, creating a time- and tissue-dependent radiation-conditioned ADC state. This critical narrative review integrates mechanistic and clinical evidence, distinguishing intact ADC–RT experiments from studies of isolated components, ADCs without RT, and engineered platforms. Direct preclinical studies support selected target-conditioning, payload, and immune interactions, but do not establish a class-wide effect. We organize the evidence into four overlapping, potentially competing biological windows: targeting, radiosensitization, immune priming, and normal-tissue injury. The framework links mechanisms to schedule comparisons, measurements, and organ-specific constraints. Delivery-mediated interactions require altered exposure; response-mediated effects may occur at comparable exposure. Clinical evidence is predominantly observational and heterogeneous in the drug, irradiated site, fractionation, overlap, and follow-up. Feasibility reports involving trastuzumab deruxtecan and the association between trastuzumab emtansine and radionecrosis after stereotactic radiosurgery require a separate interpretation. Biological susceptibility also differs from later injury detection. Prospective studies should compare durable tumor control, treatment continuity, and acute and delayed toxicity, using selected mechanistic substudies. The framework is hypothesis-generating and does not establish a universal treatment sequence.