Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), are becoming more prevalent and still lack effective disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). However, translational efficiency remains critically low. For example, a ClinicalTrials.gov analysis of AD programs (2002–2012) estimated ~99.6% attrition, while PD programs (1999–2019) achieved an overall success rate of ~14.9%. In vitro platforms are assessed, ranging from immortalized neuronal lines and primary cultures to human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons/glia, neuron–glia co-cultures (including neuroinflammation paradigms), 3D spheroids, organoids, and blood–brain barrier (BBB)-on-chip systems. Complementary in vivo toxin, pharmacological, and genetic models are discussed for systems-level validation and central nervous system (CNS) exposure realism. The therapeutic synthesis focuses on AD, covering symptomatic drugs, anti-amyloid immunotherapies, tau-directed approaches, and repurposed drug classes that target metabolism, neuroinflammation, and network dysfunction. This review links experimental models to translational decision-making, focusing primarily on AD and providing a brief comparative context from other NDDs. It also covers emerging targeted protein degradation (PROTACs). Key priorities include neuroimmune/neurovascular human models, biomarker-anchored adaptive trials, mechanism-guided combination DMTs, and CNS PK/PD-driven development for brain-directed degraders.

The palmaris longus (PL) remains insufficiently quantified in cercopithecoids (Cercopithecoidea), despite growing comparative data across primates. We examined adult archival material of the Anubis baboon (Papio anubis) to document PL presence, tendon configuration and topography, describe muscle–tendon morphometrics, and test for side-, sex- and size-related effects. A PL was present in all limbs. Two tendon configurations were observed: a single tendon inserting into the palmar aponeurosis (Type I, 87.0%) and a bifurcated tendon with both medial and lateral slips inserting into the palmar aponeurosis (Type II, 13.0%). No side- or sex-related differences were found in variant distribution. Males showed larger absolute values for selected measurements, but these differences were not independent of antebrachial size. PL lengths and interstyloid distances were strongly correlated with antebrachial size, indicating overall scaling with limb dimensions. These findings identify a species-level pattern in which PL is consistently present and predominantly unbranched, with only occasional distal bifurcation. The data establish a comparative anatomical baseline for Papio and broaden the available evidence on PL morphology in non-human primates.

Introduction. Disorders of consciousness are states in which there is a gradual limitation of contact (of a person) with the external environment, i.e. the surroundings. In this situation, the body becomes unresponsive to external stimuli. Disorders of consciousness in traumatic brain injury can take various forms, from mild concussion with brief loss of consciousness to severe brain damage leading to coma. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, memory impairment, headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, balance problems, as well as changes in behavior and mood. Aim. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of variables on the occurrence of consciousness disorders in patients after craniocerebral injuries in individual days of hospitalization. Material and Methods. The study was conducted among 100 patients hospitalized in the neurotraumatology department. The prospective study employed a diagnostic survey method, utilizing measurement techniques and a questionnaire. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was used to assess the level of consciousness impairment. The results were statistically analyzed, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Ethics Committee approval for the study was obtained. Results. The analysis of our own research showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the mean results of the state of consciousness (GCS) between women and men on the day of admission to the hospital (Z=0.163; p=0.163), on the 3rd day of hospitalization (Z=0.811; p=0.370), on the 7th day of hospitalization (Z=0.00; p=0.986) and on the day of discharge (Z=0.011; p=0.917). It was found that the age of patients showed a negative correlation with the GCS scale results in all examined days of hospitalization. This correlation was statistically significant (p0.05). A statistically significant difference was found in the mean scores of the state of consciousness (GCS) depending on the cause of injury on the 3rd day of hospitalization (H=3.207; p=0.016) and on the 7th day of hospitalization (H=3.390; p=0.012). No significant differences were found on the day of admission (p=0.200) or on the day of discharge (p=0.076). There are statistically significant differences in the assessment of the level of consciousness (GCS) between the group of patients with comorbidities and the group without comorbidities on the day of hospital admission (p=0.002), on the 3rd day of hospital stay (p=0.029), and on the 7th day of hospitalization (p=0.035). However, the differences are not statistically significant on the day of hospital discharge (p=0.095). Conclusions. The disturbances of consciousness occurring in patients after craniocerebral injuries during the individual days of hospitalization significantly evolve from severe disturbances (at the beginning of hospitalization) to mild or no disturbances on the day of discharge from the ward. The factors with the greatest influence on the change in the degree of consciousness disturbances during individual days of hospitalization were the patient’s age and the presence of comorbidities. (JNNN 2025;14(2):68–75)

Antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) activity depends on accessible targets, tissue distribution, payload release, cellular susceptibility, and host immunity. Radiotherapy (RT) can modify these determinants, creating a time- and tissue-dependent radiation-conditioned ADC state. This critical narrative review integrates mechanistic and clinical evidence, distinguishing intact ADC–RT experiments from studies of isolated components, ADCs without RT, and engineered platforms. Direct preclinical studies support selected target-conditioning, payload, and immune interactions, but do not establish a class-wide effect. We organize the evidence into four overlapping, potentially competing biological windows: targeting, radiosensitization, immune priming, and normal-tissue injury. The framework links mechanisms to schedule comparisons, measurements, and organ-specific constraints. Delivery-mediated interactions require altered exposure; response-mediated effects may occur at comparable exposure. Clinical evidence is predominantly observational and heterogeneous in the drug, irradiated site, fractionation, overlap, and follow-up. Feasibility reports involving trastuzumab deruxtecan and the association between trastuzumab emtansine and radionecrosis after stereotactic radiosurgery require a separate interpretation. Biological susceptibility also differs from later injury detection. Prospective studies should compare durable tumor control, treatment continuity, and acute and delayed toxicity, using selected mechanistic substudies. The framework is hypothesis-generating and does not establish a universal treatment sequence.