The aim of our study was to investigate the clinical features of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) with autofluorescence (AF), retromode (RM), and enface imaging. This retrospective study was conducted at Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome (Italy), between September and December 2022. Each patient underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, which included optical coherence tomography (OCT), enface image analysis, AF, and RM imaging. We further evaluated the presence and area of extension of serous retinal detachment and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy through AF, RM, and enface imaging. We included 32 eyes from 27 patients (mean age: 52.7 ± 13.3 years). The median AF area was 19.5 mm² (IQR 6.1–29.3), while the median RM area was 12.3 mm² (IQR 8.1–30.8), and the median enface area was 9.3 mm² (IQR 4.8–18.6). RPE atrophy was diagnosed in 26 cases (81.3%) with RM imaging and in 75% of cases with AF. No difference emerged between AF and RM analysis in the detection of central serous detachment in CSC. However, RM imaging showed a high specificity (91.7%) and negative predictive value (84.6%) to detect RPE changes when compared to the AF standard-of-care technique. Thus, RM imaging could be considered an adjunctive imaging method in CSC.

The periocular region represents a highly sensitive anatomical area due to its functional relevance and aesthetic importance. It is frequently affected by a broad spectrum of cutaneous tumors, due to chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation, hence an accurate diagnosis and lesion margin assessment is essential to guide appropriate treatment. Herein we summarize the current evidence on the use of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) for the assessment of periocular skin tumors. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the main databases following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies published between 2015 and 2025 evaluating the application of RCM, OCT, and LC-OCT in skin tumors of this area were included. RCM was the most extensively studied modality, demonstrating utility in the characterization of pigmented and non-pigmented periocular lesions and in the identification of basal cell carcinoma-specific features. OCT provided complementary information by enabling visualization of deeper tissue structures, particularly in non-melanoma skin cancers; LC-OCT showed high concordance with histopathology providing practical advantages in this area. As a conclusion, non-invasive imaging techniques represent valuable tools in the evaluation of periocular skin tumors, as they may enhance diagnostic confidence and support clinical decision-making.