In this review, we describe and discuss the phytoconstituents present in Hedychium species and emphasize their potential as drug candidates. Though they are widely validated in vitro and in vivo models, to date, no efforts have been made to compile in a single review all the pharmacologically active phytoconstituents from Hedychium species, and their pharmacological and toxicity profile. In this study, we present a reinvestigation of the chemical constituents present in Hedychium species obtained from the essential oil and solvent extraction of the flowers, leaves and rhizomes under consideration. Key databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar amongst others were probed for a systematic search using keywords to retrieve relevant publications on this plant. An exhaustive electronic survey of the related literature on Hedychium species resulted in around 200 articles. Articles published between the years 1975–2021 were included. The studies conducted on either crude extracts, solvent fractions or isolated pure compounds from Hedychium species reported with a varied range of biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, potentially anti-asthmatic, and cytotoxic, among other related activities of the chemical constituents present in its essential oil and solvent extract deployed in this review. Traditional and herbal medication around the world that uses different parts of Hedychium species were considered for anti-inflammatory, skincare, analgesic, anti-asthmatic, anti-diabetic, antidotal uses, among others. These uses support the idea that chemical constituents obtained from solvent extraction may also exert the same action individually or in a synergistic manner. The review concluded that there is scope for computation and biological study to find out possible new targets for strengthening the potency and selectivity of the relevant compounds, and to find a commercial method for extraction of active pharmaceutical ingredients.

The benzimidazole scaffold is a promising nucleus for developing novel therapeutic agents for ulcer treatment. Its unique chemical structure provides desirable pharmacological properties, such as excellent bioavailability, metabolic stability, and low toxicity, making it an attractive candidate for ulcer treatment. Several benzimidazole derivatives have shown significant anti-ulcer activity in preclinical and clinical studies, acting through multiple pathways, including inhibition of gastric acid secretion, suppression of gastric inflammation, and promotion of mucosal protection. Some benzimidazole derivatives have also demonstrated anti-Helicobacter pylori activity, suggesting their potential for eradicating bacteria associated with ulcer formation. However, challenges such as poor solubility and limited selectivity remain. Various approaches, such as prodrug design and formulation optimization, have been explored to overcome these issues and improve the therapeutic profile of benzimidazole derivatives. Overall, the benzimidazole scaffold holds great promise as a nucleus for developing novel anti-ulcer agents. Further research and optimization efforts are needed to harness its full potential and translate it into effective treatments for ulcers. With continued advancements in medicinal chemistry and drug design, benzimidazole-based compounds may offer new therapeutic options for patients suffering from ulcers and related gastrointestinal disorders. Hence, this review highlights the knowledge about benzimidazole scaffold, the mechanism of ulcer formation, and various benzimidazole derivatives with anti-ulcer activity, which can be further studied in pre-clinical and clinical trials.

Vicinal Diaryl scaffold possessing various heterocycles displayed versatile pharmacological activities ranging from antibacterial to antiviral. Herein, the synthesis of novel vicinal diaryl pyrazole ethyl carboxylate analogs as central ring and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against pancreatic cancer line, PANC-1. Among the synthesized 27 compounds, six compounds displayed the IC50 value for antiproliferative activity in single digit micromolar. The cytotoxicity results of the synthesized compounds especially compound 25 (IC50 = 4.8 µM) confirms that these analogs may require further investigation.

The relationship between inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress carries substantial clinical significance in chronic inflammatory disorders, encompassing rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular pathologies, and neurodegenerative ailments. Contemporary pharmaceutical interventions are constrained by notable limitations, including gastrointestinal toxicity, adverse cardiovascular effects, reduced oral bioavailability, and inadequate long-term therapeutic efficacy. In response to these constraints, a series of novel pyrazole-sulfonamide hybrid compounds was prepared employing a pharmacophore hybridization approach—combining the pyrazole moiety (possessing COX/LOX inhibitory and antioxidant radical-scavenging characteristics) with the sulfonamide moiety (conferring COX 2 selectivity and augmented hydrogen bonding potential). Three synthetic protocols were implemented to generate a focused library of 20 compounds: (A) sulfonylation of the amino group in 5 amino 1,3 diarylpyrazoles, (B) amide bond construction, and (C) Schiff base (hydrazone) formation. Comprehensive structural elucidation of all synthesized compounds was achieved through FT IR, ¹H/¹³C NMR, HRMS, and elemental analysis. Pharmacological screening identified compound P7, containing a 4 chloro substituent on the benzenesulfonyl group, as exhibiting superior dual inhibitory performance. P7 demonstrated significant protein stabilization activity (IC₅₀ = 28.4µg/mL), membrane integrity preservation activity (IC₅₀ = 31.5µg/mL), selective COX 2 inhibition (IC₅₀ = 0.24µM), and 5 LOX inhibition (IC₅₀ = 0.68µM). The radical scavenging efficacy of P7 exhibited exceptional potency in antioxidant assays, yielding IC₅₀ = 18.4 µg/mL, IC₅₀ = 9.8 µg/mL, IC₅₀ = 29.6 µg/mL, and total antioxidant capacity = 285 µg AAE/mg. Structure–activity relationship analysis revealed that introduction of electron-withdrawing (Cl) or moderately electron-donating (CH₃) groups at the para position of the sulfonamide aromatic ring maximizes both bioactivities, with hydrazone or N sulfonyl linkages demonstrating superior efficacy relative to amide linkages. These observations suggest that pyrazole sulfonamide hybrid scaffolds, exemplified by P7, constitute promising leads for further development as dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidative agents with favorable pharmacological profiles.