Microgrids have a lot to offer, including helping smart grids operate on distribution grids or bringing electricity to some cities. The management system receives and transmits different states. This is because the elements adapt to the conditions of the network in the shortest possible time. The 5G communication technology has high transmission speed, owing to which it can improve equipment connectivity and reduce latency, allowing the real-time analysis and monitoring of electrical microgrids considerably better than earlier generations. In addition, it is estimated that, in the near future, many cities will be connected using communication systems that allow the interconnection of different systems safeguarding the connectivity, speed, and response time of these elements in an electrical system, smart grid, or microgrids with the growing development of the Internet of Things. For this reason, it is essential to analyze the integration of 5G technology to improve the management of microgrids. This literature review analyzes and presents the advantages of using 5G technologies in reducing communication latency and improving connectivity to enhance microgrids’ control and management. The active implementation of 5G in the management and control of microgrids increases the transmission and reception of data and states, reduces latency, and allows for a greater density of information, collaborating positively with resilience to the various changes that microgrids can suffer in continuous working conditions. The implementation of 5G allows electrical microgrids to be more resilient in their management and control, directly and indirectly impacting the sustainable development goals.

With the ever-growing reliance on digital communication networks in microgrids equipped with digital control systems and highly distributed energy resources, the threat of cyberattacks is more present than ever. Therefore, a robust cybersecurity response framework could be in place to secure smart grids, including microgrids, against cyberattacks. Adaptive protection systems, which are crucial for microgrid reliability and resilience, are also vulnerable. On the other hand, multi-agent systems are often employed in microgrid adaptive protection, providing a decentralized and cooperative framework where intelligent agents can monitor system conditions, exchange information, and detect anomalies. Many researchers in the literature have focused on addressing microgrid protection with multi-agent systems against physical faults in scenarios with various degrees of distributed energy resource penetration. Other research efforts have leveraged multi-agent systems, as well as technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, advanced encryption, and authentication, to enhance the capabilities of microgrids for maintaining resilient operation under cyberattacks. However, both physical and cybersecurity anomalies have rarely been tackled in the same scheme. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of the use of cybersecurity strategies for multi-agent-based adaptive protection schemes. From the results of this study, it was found that most research efforts do not address microgrid protection with an integrated approach, considering both physical and cybersecurity threats, as well as the application of established industry communication and cybersecurity standards. All of this, while maintaining scalability and performance, is crucial.

Electric mobility offers promising benefits in sustainability and efficiency but also presents significant cybersecurity challenges that threaten the integrity of electric vehicles (EVs), charging infrastructure, and their communication systems. This article reviews the main threats, vulnerabilities, and existing mitigation strategies, identifying critical weaknesses in communication protocols, insufficient protection of charging stations, and limited onboard security. Notably, protocols such as CAN bus, OCPP, and ISO 15118 dominate current implementations; however, many of these protocols lack comprehensive protection mechanisms. Among the most frequent attacks are tampering, denial‐of‐service (DoS), and man‐in‐the‐middle attacks, which often target communication systems and charging points—the most vulnerable elements in the ecosystem. The review also highlights underexplored but critical issues, including the low adoption of protocols such as ISO 26262 and IEC 61850, the security of V2X communications, and the protection of personal data generated by EVs. The article makes a main contribution by proposing a cybersecurity reference architecture and a strategic research roadmap to enhance resilience in electric mobility systems. These tools aim to address current gaps, promote the development of secure and adaptive communication frameworks, and support both academic research and industrial implementation in the transition to intelligent and connected mobility.

The transition from centralized to decentralized power generation presents a significant opportunity to enhance grid resilience and energy independence, particularly in regions with unstable grids or vulnerability to natural disasters. Distributed Generation (DG), particularly solar photovoltaics, has become a key component of modern power systems, especially in distribution networks. However, its increasing penetration at both utility and distributed levels poses challenges related to voltage, frequency, and angular stability, requiring advanced monitoring and control strategies. In this context, energy storage systems (ESS) emerge as a crucial player, playing a significant role in mitigating these challenges. ESS stabilizes power supply fluctuations and enhances grid reliability, providing a safety net for the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. This study examines the impact of DG on the stability and operation of the National Interconnected Electric System (SENI) of the Dominican Republic, with a focus on integrating ESS at both utility and distribution levels. Using DIgSILENT, future scenarios (2027) with high renewable penetration were simulated. The methodology included data collection, modeling of actual automatic load shedding (EDAC) events from 2024, and the simulation of three scenarios: without storage, with utility-scale storage, and with both utility-scale and distributed storage. The results indicate that energy storage systems (ESS) significantly enhance system stability, reducing both the total disconnected load and the number of EDAC steps. In the absence of storage, 640 MW were disconnected; with utility-scale storage, this was reduced to 540 MW, and the addition of distributed storage further decreased the disconnected load to 440 MW while also delaying EDAC activation times. Findings highlight the critical need for ESS investments and grid flexibility mechanisms to accommodate increasing renewable penetration, particularly in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Future research should optimize ESS deployment and conduct detailed economic analyses to support the development of sustainable power systems.