Plants from the Nepeta genus have been proved to possess different pharmacological properties, among which are antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and cytotoxic effects. Nepeta italica is a medicinal plant traditionally used for its analgesic effects, and in the present study, the phytochemical composition and biological effects of hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), ethanol, ethanol-water, and water extracts of the aerial parts were investigated for determining phenolic composition, antioxidant effects, and anti-inflammatory effects in isolated mouse colon specimens exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Polar extracts were the richest in terms of phenolic compounds, especially rosmarinic acid. In parallel, ethanol, ethanol-water, and water extracts were also the most effective as scavenging/reducing and enzyme inhibition agents, especially towards cholinesterases and α-glucosidase, and in inhibiting the LPS-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) gene expression in mouse colon. This poses the basis for future in vivo investigations for confirming the protective effects of polar extracts of N. italica against inflammatory bowel diseases.

Allium saricanense Balos, Sonay & Koçyiğit (Amaryllidaceae), a new species of Allium sect. Codonoprasum, is described from Elazığ Province, eastern Turkey. It resembles A. turcicum and A. nerimaniae but differs from them by several morphological characters, such as its filament length, inner tepal shape, ovary shape and style colour. Diagnostic characters, a comprehensive description, photographs, and a distribution map of A. saricanense are provided.

The study aimed at the metabolite profiling and evaluation of antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties of methanol extracts from flowers, leaves, and tubers of unexplored Eminium intortum (Banks & Sol.) Kuntze and E. spiculatum (Blume) Schott (Araceae). A total of 83 metabolites, including 19 phenolic acids, 46 flavonoids, 11 amino, and 7 fatty acids were identified by UHPLC-HRMS in the studied extracts for the first time. E. intortum flower and leaf extracts had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents (50.82 ± 0.71 mg GAE/g and 65.08 ± 0.38 RE/g, respectively). Significant radical scavenging activity (32.20 ± 1.26 and 54.34 ± 0.53 mg TE/g for DPPH and ABTS) and reducing power (88.27 ± 1.49 and 33.13 ± 0.68 mg TE/g for CUPRAC and FRAP) were observed in leaf extracts. E. intortum flowers showed the maximum anticholinesterase activity (2.72 ± 0.03 mg GALAE/g). E. spiculatum leaves and tubers exhibited the highest inhibition towards α-glucosidase (0.99 ± 0.02 ACAE/g) and tirosinase (50.73 ± 2.29 mg KAE/g), respectively. A multivariate analysis revealed that O-hydroxycinnamoylglycosyl-C-flavonoid glycosides mostly accounted for the discrimination of both species. Thus, E. intortum and E. spiculatum can be considered as potential candidates for designing functional ingredients in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Allium murat-sonayii Balos, Sonay & C. Çeçen is described as a new species from Elazığ Province, Eastern Türkiye. Diagnostic characteristics, a comprehensive description, photographs and a distribution map are provided. Based on morphological features, it belongs in Allium subgen. Allium sect. Allium. It is similar to A. stearnianum, A. stearnianum subsp. vanense, A. aybukeae, A. gemiciana, A. yamadagensis and A. dictyoprasum, but differs from them by several morphological characters, such as bulblets color, stem length, leaf, umbel shape, perigon colour, outer and inner tepal, anther colour, filaments and ovary.

Allium farashinense Balos & Geçit (Amaryllidaceae) is described as a new species from Şırnak Province, eastern Turkey. Diagnostic characteristics, a comprehensive description, images of the species, and a distribution map are provided. Based on morphology, it belongs to Allium subgen. Polyprason sect. Scorodon. It resembles A. anacoleum, A. capitellatum, A. longivaginatum and A. microspathum, but morphologically differs from them by e.g. bulb size, stem length, leaf sheath, leaf shape, perigon colour, outer and inner tepals, and different filaments.

Allium decumbens Balos & Sonay is described as a new species from Elazığ Province, Eastern Türkiye. It is an endemic serpentine species that grows on the slopes at an altitude of 2160–2300 m above sea level on the Hazarbaba Mountain in the Sivrice district of Elazığ Province. Based on morphological features, it belongs in Allium subgen. Allium sect. Allium. Allium decumbens is quite different from other species in the section with some of its features. It is morphologically similar to A. murat-sonayii Balos, Sonay & C.Çeçen. However, it clearly differs from A. murat-sonayii by its leaf structure, tunic type, larger bulb, short and decumbent stem, number and shape of leaves, different sheath structure, longer pedicels, umbel structure with radial symmetry, and smooth inner and outer tepals. Herein, the morphology of A. decumbens, a comprehensive description, detailed photographs, habitat and ecological characteristics, and IUCN conservation assessment are provided.