Dual drug delivery has become the choice of interest nowadays due to its increased therapeutic efficacy in targeting the tumor site precisely. As quoted in recent literature, it has been known to treat several cancers with an acute course of action. Even so, its use is restricted due to the drug’s low pharmacological activity, which leads to poor bioavailability and increases first-pass metabolism. To overcome these issues, a drug delivery system using nanomaterials which would not only encapsulate the drugs of interest but also carry them to the target site of action is needed. Given all these attributes, we have formulated dual drug-loaded nanoliposomes with cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP)), an effective anti-cancer drug, and diallyl disulfide (DADS), an organosulfur compound derived from garlic. The CDDP and DADS-loaded nanoliposomes (Lipo-CDDP/DADS) exhibited better physical characteristics such as size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, spherical shape, optimal stability, and satisfactory encapsulation percentage. The in vitro anti-cancer activity against MDA-MB-231 and A549 cell lines revealed that Lipo-CDDP/DADS showed significant efficacy against the cancer cell lines, depicted through cell nucleus staining. We conclude that Lipo-CDDP/DADS hold exceptional pharmacological properties with better anti-cancer activity and would serve as a promising formulation to treat various cancers.

The study aimed to optimize and develop novel PEGylated co-loaded nanoliposome entrapped with paclitaxel (PTX) and 6-gingerol (Gn) (PEG-Lipo-PTX-Gn) by response surface methodology (RSM) approach to prevent the diffusion and resistant-related issues of PTX in oncotherapy. Physiochemical characterization studies results revealed that the prepared PEG-Lipo-PTX-Gn attained optimum particle size, shape, charge, polydispersity index (PDI) as well as showed synergistic entrapment of PTX and Gn, sustained drug release, better colloidal stability and structural integrity. PEG-Lipo-PTX-Gn exhibited a noteworthy antiproliferative effect, apoptotic percentage and a higher proportion of G2/M cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 and A549 cell lines. Meanwhile, no significant toxicity was observed in normal cell lines (HEK 293 kidney embryonic cells and L929 fibroblast cells). Another testament to its efficacy is the dramatic decline in Bcl-2 levels in the PEG-Lipo-PTX-Gn-treated group. Hence, optimized PEG-Lipo-PTX-Gn could be a promising novel approach in cancer treatment regimens.

Cancer is one of the most aggressive diseases and is the primary cause of mortality around the world. This can be prevented by combining anti-cancer drugs to reduce the resistance to monotherapy and thereby reduce the toxic effects. Cytotoxic anticancer drugs can potentially elicit cancer cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. Our present study aimed to investigate the combined cytotoxic potential of cisplatin (CDDP) and diallyl disulfide (DADS) on MDAMB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The clonogenic assay was also performed to assess the effects of the drug on the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The results showed that CDDP/DADS (CDDP and DADS) markedly inhibited cell proliferation and significantly reduced the colony formation potential, migration, and invasion abilities of MDA-MB-231 cells. The apoptosis assay confirmed that cell death was through an apoptotic pathway. Cell cycle analysis results indicated that the combination effect of the drugs resulted in arresting cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Further, the haemolytic assay revealed that the CDDP/DADS is nontoxic to RBCs. In conclusion, combining these two drugs inhibits the oncogenic properties of TNBC cells, including their growth, survival, migration, and invasiveness.

The study focused on doping of hydroxyapatite (HAp) with Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. rhizome extract (Agr) to impart antioxidant and antimicrobial features to HAp by a green approach. The HAp was synthesized by solgel method using ortho-phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate tetrahydrate as precursors. The HAp was doped with Agr by the wet-precipitation method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that HAp and HAp-Agr biocomposite were crystalline. The FTIR study validated the successful impartation of Agr into HAp by confirming the presence of functional groups as alcoholic, phosphate, and carbonate groups in HAp-Agr biocomposite. The field emission scanning electron microscope analysis showed that HAp and HAp-Agr biocomposite were irregular and agglomerated. Moreover, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed the entrapment of phytomolecules of Agr into HAp- Agr biocomposite. The Zeta potential analysis revealed that HAp and HAp-Agr biocomposite were stable with −24.6 and -10.7 mV, respectively. The hydrodynamic size distribution of HAp and HAp-Agr biocomposite were 191.5 and 280.7 d. nm, respectively. The HAp-Agr biocomposite exhibited potential antioxidant activity, and its IC50 value (concentration required to scavenge 50% of free radicals) was 133.92 ± 4.08 and 141.24 ± 6.79 μg/mL in DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The HAp-Agr biocomposite exhibited a broad range of antibacterial activity against Gram-ve and Gram+ve bacteria by broth-dilution technique. This work highlighted that the as-synthesized HAp-Agr biocomposite had notable antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics and highly apt for biomedical application.