Purpose. To study CO2 emissions through the use of renewable energy (RE) in the countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) region (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, and the Maldives) using the data between 2002 and 2020. Methodology. For the purpose of the study, panel estimation methods were employed including Pooled Mean Group (PMG), Mean Group (MG), and Dynamic Fixed-Effect (DFE). Findings. Hausman test confirms the efficiency of PMG estimation method compared to MG estimation method and DFE estimation method. The results of PMG indicate long-run relationships among the studied variables. Besides, the outcomes of PMG reveal the negative impact of RE on CO2 emissions in the long-run, while in the short-run, the study did not reveal the impact of RE on CO2 emissions. In the case of specific countries, the results show that RE features increased CO2 emissions in a country like Pakistan in the short-run, while RE decreases CO2 emissions in Bhutan, Nepal and Afghanistan in the short-run. Originality. The study found the impact of RE consumption on CO2 emissions in SAARS countries obtained for the first time in the terms of SAARS region. Practical value. The governments of the SAARC countries can use the results of the study attempting to decrease CO2 emissions.

The present study examines the relationship between FDI inflows and export performance in Bangladesh by considering the issue of structural breaks utilizing annual time-series data from 1972 to 2019. In the study, unit root tests were conducted without (ADF test and PP test) and with (ZA test and LP test) the presence of probable structural breaks in the dataset. A Johansen test of co-integration was employed to determine whether the variables were co-integrated. The VECM was used for determining the sources of causation and the directions of the causal relationships between the variables. Since all the variables were integrated of order one, I(1), with breaks (confirmed by ZA and LP unit root tests), a Johansen test of co-integration was applied to identify whether the variables were co-integrated. The results of the Johansen co-integration test confirmed that three variables (LRGDPGR, LRFDI, and LREX) have a long-run equilibrium relationship or cointegrating relation. Finally, the VECM suggests the evidence of a positive and unidirectional causal relation from REX to RFDI in Bangladesh. An important uniqueness of this study lies in its application of the methodological issues of incorporating structural breaks, which could have significant implications for investigating the said relationship.

The linkage between stock prices and inflation has been intensively investigated since the 1990s. Most of the studies in the industrialized economies have shown a negative relationship between stock market return and inflation. Thus there is considerable interest surrounding the relationship between stock markets and inflation. This paper investigates the relationship between inflation and stock market returns in Bangladesh using monthly data for the period 2004 to 2013. To test for the order of integration of the variables, ADF and PP tests were used and the results show that all the variables are integrated in the same order I(1). The Johansen test procedure confirmed that there is single cointegration equation at 5 percent significance level and thereby indicating the long run equilibrium relationship between the variables. The findings of the study have showed that the speed of adjustment in the Vector Error Correction model (VECM) is significant and relatively very high. The value of the ECM is -0.9373 which implies that, on average, the system corrects the disequilibrium errors annually by about 94%. The results also indicate that there is a uni-directional short run causal relationship between inflation and stock price index

The “Abstract” part is well-written but lengthy. However, the time period of data collection could be mentioned. Besides, the results of the study could be brief. INTRODUCTION The “Introduction” part is too lengthy. Most part of it consis...

Employee retention is a critical component of an organization's broader talent management strategy and is vital to any organization's stability, growth, and profitability. However, retaining high-performing employees is a challenging task, especially for higher educational institutions, as high turnover intentions result in increased costs associated with induction and training new staff, loss of research outputs and subsequent organizational productivity, and decreased teaching quality. Private universities are essential for meeting the demand of tertiary education and for expanding this sector in Bangladesh. Yet, these institutions are often accused of high staff turnover which affects their educational quality and moral strength. This study aims to understand and identify the factors that influence employee retention in private universities in Bangladesh. Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory guided the literature review in identifying and synthesizing the diverse factors affecting employee retention in higher education institutions. To validate the thesis, eighty-two academic staff from ten private universities in Bangladesh were surveyed using a structured questionnaire with a Likert scale. Exploratory factor analysis categorizes diverse variables into four main groups. Although the hygiene factors (extrinsic reward and recognition) were found to be the most important, the study revealed that all the remaining three factors (perceived empowerment, work-life balance, and sense of belonging) serve as motivators for academic staff to stay committed to their institution. Thus, the study sheds light on areas where administrators of private universities can focus their efforts to reduce faculty member turnover