A mature of safety culture is crucial to preventing and mitigating accidents, incidents, and unsafe behaviors in the process industry, so as to make it more sustainable and economically responsible. Measurement, investigation, and assessment of the safety culture using interviews, questionnaires, behavior observation, reviewing documentation, and its impact on the safety performances of an organization is complicated, challenging, and requires a commitment to all employees. The aim of this study was to propose a novel, unique semi-quantitative methodology for the determination of a total process safety culture index and parametric model of process safety culture maturity in an organization based on the Bradley model. The methodology includes a questionnaire concerning different process safety culture factors, calculation procedures, and a graphical tool. In addition, three quantitative survey indicators were proposed: indicators of direct communication, average communication time, and the applicability rate of the proposed changes by employees. A fully-developed total process safety culture index allows for identifying, hierarchizing, and benchmarking different factors of the safety culture among companies and sectors. Moreover, it will enable identifying the area of actions required to improve safety practices and elements applied to the organization analyzed. The proposed methodology was verified in a case study of one energy company with three locations in Poland and can be easily applied to different industrial fields, including logistics and warehousing, the food industry, the paper industry, security services, fire services, and environmental and other agencies.

The separation efficiencies of aqueous solutions containing nitric salts of Zn, Cu, Fe or Pb at various pH in process of nanofiltration have been investigated experimentally. These results were used to obtain the total volume membrane charge densities, through mathematical modelling based on the Donnan–Steric partitioning Model. The experimentally obtained retention values of individual heavy metal ions varied between 36% (Zn²⁺ at pH = 2), 57% (Pb²⁺ at pH = 2), 80% (Fe³⁺ at pH = 9), and up to 97% (Cu²⁺ at pH = 9). The mathematical modelling allowed for fitting the total volume membrane charge density (X_d), which yielded values ranging from −451.90 to +900.16 mol/m³ for different non-symmetric ions. This study presents the application of nanofiltration (NF) modelling, including a consideration of each ion present in the NF system—even those originating from solutions used to adjust the pH values of the feed.

This paper presents results of experimental studies on the apparent extensional viscosity of emulsions. The apparent extensional viscosity measurements were carried out with the use of a customized rheometer which utilizes stagnation flow between two opposing nozzles. Apparent extensional viscosity was determined for emulsions containing 60, 70 and 74 vol.% of dispersed phase. The emulsions were produced using a homogenizer equipped with different dispersing endings that resulted in emulsions characterized by different droplet sizes. The experimental results show that the value of apparent extensional viscosity of the emulsion is significantly influenced by the droplet size and by the concentration of dispersed phase. Apparent extensional viscosity as well as shear viscosity of the emulsions increases with the increase of the dispersed phase concentration and with the decrease of the droplet diameter. It has also been observed that the decrease in the diameter of droplets increases the ratio of the apparent extensional viscosity to the shear viscosity, known as the Trouton ratio