The term neuronutrition has been proposed as part of nutritional neuroscience, studying the effects of various dietary components on behavior and cognition. Other researchers underline that neuronutrition includes the use of various nutrients and diets to prevent and treat neurological disorders. The aim of this narrative review was to explore the current understanding of the term neuronutrition as the key concept for brain health, its potential molecular targets, and perspectives of its nutritional approach to the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, multiple sclerosis, anxiety, depressive disorders, migraine, and chronic pain. Neuronutrition can be defined as a part of neuroscience that studies the influence of various aspects of nutrition (nutrients, diet, eating behavior, food environment, etc.) on the development of nervous disorders and includes nutrition, clinical dietetics, and neurology. There is evidence that the neuronutritional approach can influence neuroepigenetic modifications, immunological regulation, metabolic control, and behavioral patterns. The main molecular targets in neuronutrition include neuroinflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, gut–brain axis disturbance, and neurotransmitter imbalance. To effectively apply neuronutrition for maintaining brain health, a personalized approach is needed, which includes the adaptation of the scientific findings to the genetic, biochemical, psycho-physiological, and environmental features of each individual.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex and common syndrome characterized by chronic widespread pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and various functional symptoms without clear structural or pathological causes. Affecting approximately 1–5% of the global population, with a higher prevalence in women, FM significantly impacts patients’ quality of life, often leading to considerable healthcare costs and loss of productivity. Despite its prevalence, the etiology of FM remains elusive, with genetic, environmental, and psychological factors, including nutrition, being implicated. Currently, no universally accepted treatment guidelines exist, and management strategies are often symptomatic. This narrative review explores the potential of a neuronutritional approach to FM management. It synthesizes existing research on the relationship between FM and nutrition, suggesting that dietary interventions could be a promising complementary treatment strategy. Various nutritional interventions, including vitamin D, magnesium, iron, and probiotics supplementation, have shown potential in reducing FM symptoms, such as chronic pain, anxiety, depression, cognitive dysfunction, sleep disturbances, and gastrointestinal issues. Additionally, weight loss has been associated with reduced inflammation and improved quality of life in FM patients. The review highlights the anti-inflammatory benefits of plant-based diets and the low-FODMAPs diet, which have shown promise in managing FM symptoms and related gastrointestinal disorders. Supplements such as vitamin D, magnesium, vitamin B12, coenzyme Q10, probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, melatonin, S-adenosylmethionine, and acetyl-l-carnitine are discussed for their potential benefits in FM management through various mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory effects, modulation of neurotransmitters, and improvement of mitochondrial function. In conclusion, this review underscores the importance of considering neuronutrition as a holistic approach to FM treatment, advocating for further research and clinical trials to establish comprehensive dietary guidelines and to optimize management strategies for FM patients.

Chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP) is a debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide, significantly impacting quality of life and imposing a substantial socioeconomic burden. Traditional treatment approaches often rely on a one-size-fits-all strategy, failing to account for individual variations in pathophysiological mechanisms, drivers, and the principles of personalized medicine. Furthermore, an overemphasis on biomechanical findings from imaging may lead to ineffective interventions and unnecessary surgical procedures, obscuring other important factors that contribute to pain perception. While highlighting the limitations of universal treatment approaches, in this review we present a practical clinical approach aimed at elucidating the main pathophysiological mechanisms and various factors underlying the development and maintenance of CNSLBP in order to create a personalized treatment program. In conclusion, this review underscores the need for personalized therapeutic strategies that take into account the unique characteristics of each patient, recognizing the complex interaction of biological, psychological, social, and other factors that contribute to the development of individual pain. By combining a comprehensive understanding of the complexities of this condition, we aim to improve clinical outcomes and provide information on the development of effective personalized treatment algorithms, particularly in the field of neurological practice.

Leveraging advancements in metabolomics and other cutting-edge technologies, precision neuronutrition aims to identify personalized nutrient requirements to optimize brain health outcomes and prevent neurological disorders. The main pathological mechanisms of brain health disruption include neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, gut–brain disturbances and nutrient deficiencies. Recent studies have identified biological markers for all those mechanisms. Precision interventions for maintaining brain health and optimizing outcomes include omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12, vitamin D, magnesium, coenzyme q10, polyphenols, l-carnitine, prebiotics and probiotics. Precision neuronutrition offers a promising approach to optimizing brain health through personalized nutrient interventions. Continued research in this field holds great potential for improving brain health outcomes.

Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most common neurological complication of diabetes mellitus. The most common type of DPN is distal symmetric, predominantly sensory, polyneuropathy. Chronic hyperglycemia plays a key role in DPN pathogenesis. It leads to accumulation of advanced glycation end products in tissues, including vasa nevrorum that supply peripheral nerves with oxygen. Thorough diagnostic approach to DPN is crucial for early detection of this condition. Early diagnosis and treatment slow DPN progression rates and leads to symptom reduction. Long-lasting metformin therapy may cause vitamin B deficiency. This article describes a comprehensive approach to the treatment of patient with type 2 diabetes and symptomatic diabetic and vitamin deficiency neuropathy. Apart from DM therapy, the patient received pathogenesis-based therapy of DPN with alpha-lipoic acid and a combination of vitamins B1, B6 and B12. Such pathogenesis-based approach has shown to decrease severity of DPN symptoms and reduce sensory ataxia.

Objective. To analyze modern data on TRP channel neurobiology, their role in migraine pathogenesis and potential therapeutic significance. Material and methods. We reviewed the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases (2004 — March 2025) and focused on TRPM8, TRPV1, and TRPA1 polymorphisms. Results. TRP channels are important in fundamental mechanisms of nociception, neurogenic inflammation and chronic pain in migraine through regulation of synthesis and release of CGRP, as well as participating in pain and temperature allodynia. There is a significant association between TRP channel polymorphisms (especially rs10166942 in TRPM8 and rs222741 in TRPV1) and the risk of migraine. Some authors established a correlation of certain genetic variants in the TRP channel genes with clinical characteristics of disease and effectiveness of migraine therapy. Conclusion. Polymorphisms in TRP channel genes are important in pathogenesis of migraine and can be considered as potential prognostic factors for assessing the course of disease and choosing the optimal therapy. Further research is needed to develop personalized treatment approaches.