This study aimed to identify the development of hepatitis B or C infection in diabetes patients compared to those without and to elucidate factors associated with the prevalence of hepatitis B or C infection in diabetes. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2018. As evaluation factors, we included variables such as age, race, illicit drug use, and poverty. The diabetic group had a significantly higher prevalence of hepatitis B or C infection than the non-diabetic group (odds ratio (OR) = 1.73; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.36–2.21, p < 0.01). In multivariate Cox regression, non-poverty and non-illicit drug use were lower risk factors contributing to hepatitis development in diabetes (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.32–0.79, p < 0.01, and HR = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.03–0.08, p < 0.01, respectively). Logistic regression also showed that these factors were significant contributors to hepatitis development in the diabetic group (p < 0.01). In patients with diabetes, the development of hepatitis was higher than that in those without, and hepatitis development was influenced by poverty and illicit drug use. This may provide supporting evidence of response strategies for diabetes to care for hepatitis development in advance.

Background: Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is an established marker of cardiovascular risk. However, HDL-C levels may change over time in relation to metabolic status, lifestyle factors, and medication use, and the cardiovascular implications of longitudinal HDL-C changes remain incompletely understood. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the JMDC Claims Database, including 3,387,924 adults who underwent at least two health checkups between 2005 and 2021. Participants were categorized into four groups based on HDL-C changes between two time points: persistently low, low to normal, normal to low, and persistently normal. The primary outcome was incident composite cardiovascular disease (CVD), including myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with adjustment for demographic and clinical covariates. Results: During a mean follow-up of 4.3 years, persistently low HDL-C was associated with the highest risk of composite CVD compared with persistently normal HDL-C (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.12–1.19). Both Low-to-Normal and Normal-to-Low groups also showed elevated risks (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.06–1.14; HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.10–1.19, respectively). The strongest association was observed for myocardial infarction, whereas the association with stroke was modest and less consistent after full adjustment. Conclusions: Longitudinal changes in HDL-C were associated with cardiovascular risk after adjustment for cardiometabolic factors and medication use. Persistently low HDL-C conferred the greatest risk, and serial HDL-C patterns may provide additional information for cardiovascular risk assessment beyond a single baseline measurement.

Habtamu Milkias Wolde, Sunyeup Kim, Minyoung Kim, Ali Raza, Yeonsun Yu, Kihoon Moon, Sunhwa Kim, Yeongjae Kim, Beom Seok Jeong, Youngoh Bae, Seung Won Lee. KOBRA Reports 2026;2:. https://doi.org/10.64066/kobrareports.26.0019