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Root rot, caused by the decay fungus Heterobasidion annosum, damages both below- and above-ground parts of Scots pines (Pinus Sylvestris L.). The diseased pines are often first characterized by deteriorated crowns and they will eventually be killed by the infection, but the process is gradual and difficult to be observed before the symptoms are severe. We tested the applicability of point cloud data produced by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for quantifying the structural differences between the healthy and the diseased trees. This approach was applied in a mature pine stand in southern Finland, which was known to be infected by H. annosum. We first scanned the stand using TLS, and thereafter felled the trees for detailed inspection and classification of the infection status. From the TLS point cloud, we estimated i) crosscut areas within the lowest 1 m of the stem, identifying potential deformations initiated by the fungus, ii) degree of crown deterioration, often providing the first visual signs of the infection at the level of individual trees, and iii) crown occupancy and open space around the trees, prone to be altered by the mycelial spread of the fungus between the adjacent trees. The results indicate that differences in both stem dimensions and crown deterioration can be detected between the healthy and the diseased trees. The diseased trees were found to have a more swollen butt, but no irregularities in circularity of the crosscuts were detected. In terms of vertical point distribution, the diseased trees had point accumulations at substantially greater heights, reflecting easier penetration of laser beams and sparsity of the crown. Regarding to crown occupancy, the diseased trees had more open space around their crowns, but difference to the healthy trees was not statistically significant. According to a simple prediction test based on the calculated features, up to 85% classification accuracy of the infection status was reached. This study is the first indication that TLS can successfully be applied for detecting structural changes of Scots pines connected to Heterobasidion root rot. Our results also show evidence that H. annosum causes butt swelling, which has rarely been reported as a symptom for Scots pines.
Timo P. Pitkänen; Tuula Piri; Aleksi Lehtonen; Mikko Peltoniemi. Detecting structural changes induced by Heterobasidion root rot on Scots pines using terrestrial laser scanning. Forest Ecology and Management 2021, 492, 119239 .
AMA StyleTimo P. Pitkänen, Tuula Piri, Aleksi Lehtonen, Mikko Peltoniemi. Detecting structural changes induced by Heterobasidion root rot on Scots pines using terrestrial laser scanning. Forest Ecology and Management. 2021; 492 ():119239.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTimo P. Pitkänen; Tuula Piri; Aleksi Lehtonen; Mikko Peltoniemi. 2021. "Detecting structural changes induced by Heterobasidion root rot on Scots pines using terrestrial laser scanning." Forest Ecology and Management 492, no. : 119239.
Forest management and land use can strongly alter the forest ecosystem with long-lasting legacy effects by shaping e.g. species composition and age structure in stand and landscape scales. These changes may lead to changes in the local disturbance regime. In addition, forest management may directly affect the dynamics of disturbance agents. Heterobasidion root rot is one of the most important diseases of conifers in the Northern hemisphere. The epidemiology of the fungus relies heavily on the availability of fresh wood material which the spores need to cause an infection. In managed forests, fresh stump surfaces provide massive amounts of perfect growth media. Once the fungus has infected a stand, the disease remains in there over tree generations slowly deteriorating the timber quality, killing trees and predisposing trees to subsequent disturbance agents such as wind. Thus, host availability in landscape scale, stand conditions and the management history all are assumed to play an important role in the epidemiology. The aim of this study was to analyze the drivers of current distribution of Heterobasidion root rot in Finland in order to understand the disease dynamics better and to manage the disease in the future. Specifically, we asked how important the legacies of different past management and land-use methods are. The National Forest Inventory (NFI) in Finland has recorded root rot observations since 1995 covering in total over 348 000 sample plots over four inventories. We combined that database with 20 different explanatory variables with a hypothetical relation to the biology and epidemiology of the fungus. The variables were categorized to three categories; (i) management legacies, (ii) landscape structure, and (iii) site conditions. Management legacies included for example the historical locations of sawmills and the share of forest pastures. Landscape structure combined structural characteristics, such as Norway spruce and old forest (120+ years) shares from different time periods. Site conditions were described with e.g. temperature sum and Shannon index for tree species richness. By using Boosted Regression Tree and Generalized Liner Models, we found that variables from all the three categories contributed to the presence of Heterobasidion root rot. The distance from an NFI plot to the nearest sawmill operating in 1910 (historical intensity of logging) and the distance to a waterway (timber rafting as main transportation methods) were shown to be one of the most important variables together with temperature sum and current Norway spruce share in landscape scale. This indicates that the management legacies, especially the past management intensity, has a significant effect on the epidemiology of Heterobasidion root rot.
Juha Honkaniemi; Juha Heikkinen; Helena Henttonen; Mikko Peltoniemi. Management legacies and forest structure shape the root rot risk of coniferous forests in Finland. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleJuha Honkaniemi, Juha Heikkinen, Helena Henttonen, Mikko Peltoniemi. Management legacies and forest structure shape the root rot risk of coniferous forests in Finland. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuha Honkaniemi; Juha Heikkinen; Helena Henttonen; Mikko Peltoniemi. 2021. "Management legacies and forest structure shape the root rot risk of coniferous forests in Finland." , no. : 1.
Climate change may alter the services ecosystems provide by changing ecosystem functioning. As ecosystems can also resist environmental perturbations, it is crucial to consider the different processes that influence resilience. Our case study considered increased NO3− concentration in drinking water due to the climate change. We analyzed changes in ecosystem services connected to water purification at a catchment scale in southern Finland. We combined climate change scenarios with process-based forest growth (PREBAS) and eco-hydrological (PERSiST and INCA) models. We improved traditional model calibration by timing of forest phenology and snow-covered period from network of cameras and satellite data. We upscaled the combined modelling results with scenarios of population growth to form vulnerability maps. The boreal ecosystems seemed to be strongly buffered against NO3- leaching by increase in evapotranspiration and vegetation NO3- uptake. Societal vulnerability varied greatly between scenarios and municipalities. The most vulnerable were agricultural areas on permeable soil types.
Katri Rankinen; Maria Holmberg; Mikko Peltoniemi; Anu Akujärvi; Kati Anttila; Terhikki Manninen; Tiina Markkanen. Framework to Study the Effects of Climate Change on Vulnerability of Ecosystems and Societies: Case Study of Nitrates in Drinking Water in Southern Finland. Water 2021, 13, 472 .
AMA StyleKatri Rankinen, Maria Holmberg, Mikko Peltoniemi, Anu Akujärvi, Kati Anttila, Terhikki Manninen, Tiina Markkanen. Framework to Study the Effects of Climate Change on Vulnerability of Ecosystems and Societies: Case Study of Nitrates in Drinking Water in Southern Finland. Water. 2021; 13 (4):472.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatri Rankinen; Maria Holmberg; Mikko Peltoniemi; Anu Akujärvi; Kati Anttila; Terhikki Manninen; Tiina Markkanen. 2021. "Framework to Study the Effects of Climate Change on Vulnerability of Ecosystems and Societies: Case Study of Nitrates in Drinking Water in Southern Finland." Water 13, no. 4: 472.
Adding nitrogen to boreal forest ecosystems commonly increases gross primary production (GPP). The effect of nitrogen addition on ecosystem GPP is convoluted due to the impacts of and interactions among leaf scale photosynthetic productivity, canopy structure, site fertility, and environmental constraints. We used a unique controlled nitrogen fertilisation experiment combined with eddy covariance measurements and the calibration of a LUE-based (light use efficiency) photosynthetic production model in order to reveal differences in photosynthetic capacity due to nitrogen addition.A systematically designed soil moisture survey was conducted to characterise the within-site spatial heterogeneity and validate the difference of water stress between fertilised and control sites. The canopy photosynthetic light responses and environmental constraints were evaluated using an inverse modelling approach. We found that nitrogen fertilisation elevated ecosystem GPP by 24% according to model simulations. This was caused by increases in ecosystem light interception (through an increase in leaf area index (LAI)) and LUE by 7% and 17%, respectively. Nitrogen addition increased canopy potential LUE for both low and high photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) conditions. The calculations of leaf area and light interception indicated that the understorey vegetation contributed 9% of ecosystem GPP in the fertilised site and 7% in the control site when assuming a same LUE for trees and shrubs. The constraint arising from atmospheric water demand, rather than soil water stress, was the dominating control of the intra- and inter-annual GPP variations. The uncertainty propagated from soil moisture data is negligible for GPP predictions, but influential in the inference on the severity of the drought. This study demonstrates the combination of the controlled field experiment with the inverse modelling approach provides a powerful tool to quantitatively describe and disaggregate N addition effects on forest ecosystem GPP.
Xianglin Tian; Francesco Minunno; Pauliina Schiestl-Aalto; Jinshu Chi; Peng Zhao; Matthias Peichl; John Marshall; Torgny Näsholm; Hyungwoo Lim; Mikko Peltoniemi; Sune Linder; Annikki Mäkelä. Disaggregating the effects of nitrogen addition on gross primary production in a boreal Scots pine forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2021, 301-302, 108337 .
AMA StyleXianglin Tian, Francesco Minunno, Pauliina Schiestl-Aalto, Jinshu Chi, Peng Zhao, Matthias Peichl, John Marshall, Torgny Näsholm, Hyungwoo Lim, Mikko Peltoniemi, Sune Linder, Annikki Mäkelä. Disaggregating the effects of nitrogen addition on gross primary production in a boreal Scots pine forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2021; 301-302 ():108337.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXianglin Tian; Francesco Minunno; Pauliina Schiestl-Aalto; Jinshu Chi; Peng Zhao; Matthias Peichl; John Marshall; Torgny Näsholm; Hyungwoo Lim; Mikko Peltoniemi; Sune Linder; Annikki Mäkelä. 2021. "Disaggregating the effects of nitrogen addition on gross primary production in a boreal Scots pine forest." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 301-302, no. : 108337.
Ageing and competition reduce treesâ ability to capture resources, which predisposes them to death. In this study, the effect of senescence on the survival probability of Norway spruce ( (L.) Karst.) was analysed by fitting alternative survival probability models. Different model formulations were compared in the dataset, which comprised managed and unmanaged plots in long-term forest experiments in Finland and Norway, as well as old-growth stands in Finland. Stand total age ranged from 19 to 290 years. Two models were formulated without an age variable, such that the negative coefficient for the squared stem diameter described a decreasing survival probability for the largest trees. One of the models included stand age as a separate independent variable, and three models included an interaction term between stem diameter and stand age. According to the model including stand age and its interaction with stem diameter, the survival probability curves could intersect each other in stands with a similar structure but a different mean age. Models that did not include stand age underestimated the survival rate of the largest trees in the managed stands and overestimated their survival rate in the old-growth stands. Models that included stand age produced more plausible predictions, especially for the largest trees. The results supported the hypothesis that the stand age and senescence of trees decreases the survival probability of trees, and that the ageing effect improves survival probability models for Norway spruce.Picea abies
Jouni Siipilehto; Harri Mäkinen; Kjell Andreassen; Mikko Peltoniemi. Models for integrating and identifying the effect of senescence on individual tree survival probability for Norway spruce. Silva Fennica 2021, 55, 1 .
AMA StyleJouni Siipilehto, Harri Mäkinen, Kjell Andreassen, Mikko Peltoniemi. Models for integrating and identifying the effect of senescence on individual tree survival probability for Norway spruce. Silva Fennica. 2021; 55 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJouni Siipilehto; Harri Mäkinen; Kjell Andreassen; Mikko Peltoniemi. 2021. "Models for integrating and identifying the effect of senescence on individual tree survival probability for Norway spruce." Silva Fennica 55, no. 2: 1.
Jouni Siipilehto; Harri Mäkinen; Mikko Peltoniemi. Ikä vaikuttaa kuusen kuolleisuuteen. Metsätieteen aikakauskirja 2021, 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleJouni Siipilehto, Harri Mäkinen, Mikko Peltoniemi. Ikä vaikuttaa kuusen kuolleisuuteen. Metsätieteen aikakauskirja. 2021; 2021 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJouni Siipilehto; Harri Mäkinen; Mikko Peltoniemi. 2021. "Ikä vaikuttaa kuusen kuolleisuuteen." Metsätieteen aikakauskirja 2021, no. : 1.
Forest ecosystems are already responding to changing environmental conditions that are driven by increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations. These developments affect how societies can utilise and benefit from the woodland areas in the future, be it for example climate change mitigation as carbon sinks, lumber for wood industry, or preserved for nature tourism and recreational activities. We assess the effect and the relative magnitude of different uncertainty sources in ecosystem model simulations from the year 1980 to 2100 for two Finnish boreal forest sites. The models used in this study are the land ecosystem model JSBACH and the forest growth model PREBAS. The considered uncertainty sources for both models are model parameters and four prescribed climates with two RCP (representative concentration pathway) scenarios. Usually, model parameter uncertainty is not included in these types of uncertainty studies. PREBAS simulations also include two forest management scenarios. We assess the effect of these sources of variation at four different points in time on several ecosystem indicators, e.g. gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration, soil moisture, recurrence of drought, length of the vegetation active period (VAP), length of the snow melting period and the stand volume. The uncertainty induced by the climate models remains roughly the same throughout the simulations and is overtaken by the RCP scenario impact halfway through the experiment. The management actions are the most dominant uncertainty factors for Hyytiälä and as important as RCP scenarios at the end of the simulations, but they contribute only half as much for Sodankylä. The parameter uncertainty is the least influential of the examined uncertainty sources, but it is also the most elusive to estimate due to non-linear and adverse effects on the simulated ecosystem indicators. Our analysis underlines the importance of carefully considering the implementation of forest use when simulating future ecosystem conditions, as human impact is evident and even increasing in boreal forested regions.
Jarmo Mäkelä; Francesco Minunno; Tuula Aalto; Annikki Mäkelä; Tiina Markkanen; Mikko Peltoniemi. Sensitivity of 21st century simulated ecosystem indicators to model parameters, prescribed climate drivers, RCP scenarios and forest management actions for two Finnish boreal forest sites. Biogeosciences 2020, 17, 2681 -2700.
AMA StyleJarmo Mäkelä, Francesco Minunno, Tuula Aalto, Annikki Mäkelä, Tiina Markkanen, Mikko Peltoniemi. Sensitivity of 21st century simulated ecosystem indicators to model parameters, prescribed climate drivers, RCP scenarios and forest management actions for two Finnish boreal forest sites. Biogeosciences. 2020; 17 (10):2681-2700.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarmo Mäkelä; Francesco Minunno; Tuula Aalto; Annikki Mäkelä; Tiina Markkanen; Mikko Peltoniemi. 2020. "Sensitivity of 21st century simulated ecosystem indicators to model parameters, prescribed climate drivers, RCP scenarios and forest management actions for two Finnish boreal forest sites." Biogeosciences 17, no. 10: 2681-2700.
The role of values in climate-related decision-making is a prominent theme of climate communication research. The present study examines whether forest professionals are more driven by values than scientists are, and if this results in value polarization. A questionnaire was designed to elicit and assess the values assigned to expected effects of climate change by forest professionals and scientists working on forests and climate change in Europe. The countries involved covered a north-to-south and west-to-east gradient across Europe, representing a wide range of bio-climatic conditions and a mix of economic–social–political structures. We show that European forest professionals and scientists do not exhibit polarized expectations about the values of specific impacts of climate change on forests in their countries. In fact, few differences between forest professionals and scientists were found. However, there are interesting differences in the expected values of forest professionals with regard to climate change impacts across European countries. In Northern European countries, the aggregated values of the expected effects are more neutral than they are in Southern Europe, where they are more negative. Expectations about impacts on timber production, economic returns, and regulatory ecosystem services are mostly negative, while expectations about biodiversity and energy production are mostly positive.
Johannes Persson; Kristina Blennow; Luísa Gonçalves; Alexander Borys; Ioan Dutcă; Jari Hynynen; Emilia Janeczko; Mariyana Lyubenova; Simon Martel; Jan Merganic; Katarína Merganičová; Mikko Peltoniemi; Michal Petr; Fernando H. Reboredo; Giorgio Vacchiano; Christopher P.O. Reyer. No polarization–Expected Values of Climate Change Impacts among European Forest Professionals and Scientists. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2659 .
AMA StyleJohannes Persson, Kristina Blennow, Luísa Gonçalves, Alexander Borys, Ioan Dutcă, Jari Hynynen, Emilia Janeczko, Mariyana Lyubenova, Simon Martel, Jan Merganic, Katarína Merganičová, Mikko Peltoniemi, Michal Petr, Fernando H. Reboredo, Giorgio Vacchiano, Christopher P.O. Reyer. No polarization–Expected Values of Climate Change Impacts among European Forest Professionals and Scientists. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2659.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohannes Persson; Kristina Blennow; Luísa Gonçalves; Alexander Borys; Ioan Dutcă; Jari Hynynen; Emilia Janeczko; Mariyana Lyubenova; Simon Martel; Jan Merganic; Katarína Merganičová; Mikko Peltoniemi; Michal Petr; Fernando H. Reboredo; Giorgio Vacchiano; Christopher P.O. Reyer. 2020. "No polarization–Expected Values of Climate Change Impacts among European Forest Professionals and Scientists." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2659.
Applications of ecosystem flux models on large geographical scales are often limited by model complexity and data availability. Here, we calibrated and evaluated a semi-empirical ecosystem flux model, PRELES, for various forest types and climate conditions, based on eddy covariance data from 55 sites. A Bayesian approach was adopted for model calibration and uncertainty quantification. We applied the site-specific calibrations and multisite calibrations to nine plant functional types (PFTs) to obtain the site-specific and PFT specific parameter vectors for PRELES. A systematically designed cross-validation was implemented to evaluate calibration strategies and the risks in extrapolation. The combination of plant physiological traits and climate patterns generated significant variation in vegetation responses and model parameters across but not within PFTs, implying that applying the model without PFT-specific parameters is risky. But within PFT, the multisite calibrations performed as accurately as the site-specific calibrations in predicting gross primary production (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET). Moreover, the variations among sites within one PFT could be effectively simulated by simply adjusting the parameter of potential light-use efficiency (LUE), implying significant convergence of simulated vegetation processes within PFT. The hierarchical modelling of PRELES provides a compromise between satellite-driven LUE and physiologically oriented approaches for extrapolating the geographical variation of ecosystem productivity. Although measurement errors of eddy covariance and remotely sensed data propagated a substantial proportion of uncertainty or potential biases, the results illustrated that PRELES could reliably capture daily variations of GPP and ET for contrasting forest types on large geographical scales if PFT-specific parameterizations were applied.
Xianglin Tian; Francesco Minunno; Tianjian Cao; Mikko Peltoniemi; Tuomo Kalliokoski; Annikki Mäkelä. Extending the range of applicability of the semi‐empirical ecosystem flux model PRELES for varying forest types and climate. Global Change Biology 2020, 26, 2923 -2943.
AMA StyleXianglin Tian, Francesco Minunno, Tianjian Cao, Mikko Peltoniemi, Tuomo Kalliokoski, Annikki Mäkelä. Extending the range of applicability of the semi‐empirical ecosystem flux model PRELES for varying forest types and climate. Global Change Biology. 2020; 26 (5):2923-2943.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXianglin Tian; Francesco Minunno; Tianjian Cao; Mikko Peltoniemi; Tuomo Kalliokoski; Annikki Mäkelä. 2020. "Extending the range of applicability of the semi‐empirical ecosystem flux model PRELES for varying forest types and climate." Global Change Biology 26, no. 5: 2923-2943.
The forest ecosystems are already responding to increased CO2 concentrations and changing environmental conditions. These ongoing developments affect how societies can utilise and benefit from the woodland areas in the future, be it e.g. climate change mitigation as carbon sinks, lumber for wood industry or preserved for nature tourism and recreational activities. We assess the effect and the relative magnitude of different uncertainty sources in ecosystem model simulations from the year 1980 to 2100 for two Finnish boreal forest sites. The models used in this study are the land ecosystem model JSBACH and the forest growth model PREBAS. The considered uncertainty sources for both models are model parameters, four prescribed climates and two RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) scenarios. PREBAS simulations also include an additional RCP scenario and two forest management actions. We assess the effect of these sources at four different stages of the simulations on several ecosystem indicators of climate change, e.g. gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration, soil moisture, recurrence of drought, length of the vegetation active period (VAP), length of the snow melting period and the stand volume. The climate model uncertainty remains roughly the same throughout the simulations and is overtaken by the RCP scenario impact halfway through the experiment. The management actions are the most dominant uncertainty factors for Hyytiälä and as important as RCP scenarios at the end of the simulations, but contribute only half as much for Sodankylä. The parameter uncertainty is the most elusive to estimate due to non-linear and adverse effects on the simulated ecosystem indicators.
Jarmo Mäkelä; Francesco Minunno; Tuula Aalto; Annikki Mäkelä; Tiina Markkanen; Mikko Peltoniemi. Uncertainty sources in simulated ecosystem indicators of the 21st century climate change. 2019, 2019, 1 -26.
AMA StyleJarmo Mäkelä, Francesco Minunno, Tuula Aalto, Annikki Mäkelä, Tiina Markkanen, Mikko Peltoniemi. Uncertainty sources in simulated ecosystem indicators of the 21st century climate change. . 2019; 2019 ():1-26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarmo Mäkelä; Francesco Minunno; Tuula Aalto; Annikki Mäkelä; Tiina Markkanen; Mikko Peltoniemi. 2019. "Uncertainty sources in simulated ecosystem indicators of the 21st century climate change." 2019, no. : 1-26.
Policy-relevant forest models must be environment and management sensitive and provide unbiased estimates of predicted variables over their intended areas of application. While empirical models derive their structure and parameters from representative data sets, process-based model (PBM) parameters should be evaluated in ranges that have a biological meaning independently of output data. At the same time PBMs should be calibrated against observations in order to obtain unbiased estimates and an understanding of their predictive capability. By means of model data assimilation, we Bayesian calibrated a forest model (PREBAS) using an extensive dataset that covered a wide range of climatic conditions, species composition and management practices. PREBAS was calibrated for three species in Finland: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] H. Karst.) and Silver birch (Betula pendula L.). Data assimilation was strongly effective in reducing the uncertainty of PREBAS parameters and predictions. A country-generic calibration showed robust performances in predicting forest variables and the results were consistent with yield tables and national forest statistics. The posterior predictive uncertainty of the model was mainly influenced by the uncertainty of the structural and measurement error.
Francesco Minunno; Mikko Peltoniemi; Sanna Härkönen; Tuomo Kalliokoski; Harri Makinen; Annikki Mäkelä. Bayesian calibration of a carbon balance model PREBAS using data from permanent growth experiments and national forest inventory. Forest Ecology and Management 2019, 440, 208 -257.
AMA StyleFrancesco Minunno, Mikko Peltoniemi, Sanna Härkönen, Tuomo Kalliokoski, Harri Makinen, Annikki Mäkelä. Bayesian calibration of a carbon balance model PREBAS using data from permanent growth experiments and national forest inventory. Forest Ecology and Management. 2019; 440 ():208-257.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Minunno; Mikko Peltoniemi; Sanna Härkönen; Tuomo Kalliokoski; Harri Makinen; Annikki Mäkelä. 2019. "Bayesian calibration of a carbon balance model PREBAS using data from permanent growth experiments and national forest inventory." Forest Ecology and Management 440, no. : 208-257.
The surface albedo time series, CLARA-A2 SAL, was used to study trends in the snowmelt start and end dates, the melting season length and the albedo value preceding the melt onset in Finland during 1982–2016. In addition, the melt onset from the JSBACH land surface model was compared with the timing of green-up estimated from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Moreover, the melt onset was compared with the timing of the greening up based on MODIS data. Similarly, the end of snowmelt timing predicted by JSBACH was compared with the melt-off dates based on the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) operational in situ measurements and the Fractional Snow Cover (FSC) time-series product provided by the EU FP7 CryoLand project. It was found that the snowmelt date estimated using the 20 % threshold of the albedo range during the melting period corresponded well to the melt estimate of the permanent snow layer. The longest period, during which the ground is continuously half or more covered by snow, defines the permanent snow layer (Solantie et al., 1996). The greening up followed within 5–13 days the date when the albedo reached the 1 % threshold of the albedo dynamic range during the melting period. The time difference between greening up and complete snowmelt was smaller in mountainous areas than in coastal areas. In two northern vegetation map areas (Northern Karelia–Kainuu and Southwestern Lapland), a clear trend towards earlier snowmelt onset (5–6 days per decade) and increasing melting season length (6–7 days per decade) was observed. In the forested part of northern Finland, a clear decreasing trend in albedo (2 %–3 % per decade in absolute albedo percentage) before the start of the melt onset was observed. The decreasing albedo trend was found to be due to the increased stem volume.
Terhikki Manninen; Tuula Aalto; Tiina Markkanen; Mikko Peltoniemi; Kristin Böttcher; Sari Metsämäki; Kati Anttila; Pentti Pirinen; Antti Leppänen; Ali Nadir Arslan. Monitoring changes in forestry and seasonal snow using surface albedo during 1982–2016 as an indicator. Biogeosciences 2019, 16, 223 -240.
AMA StyleTerhikki Manninen, Tuula Aalto, Tiina Markkanen, Mikko Peltoniemi, Kristin Böttcher, Sari Metsämäki, Kati Anttila, Pentti Pirinen, Antti Leppänen, Ali Nadir Arslan. Monitoring changes in forestry and seasonal snow using surface albedo during 1982–2016 as an indicator. Biogeosciences. 2019; 16 (2):223-240.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTerhikki Manninen; Tuula Aalto; Tiina Markkanen; Mikko Peltoniemi; Kristin Böttcher; Sari Metsämäki; Kati Anttila; Pentti Pirinen; Antti Leppänen; Ali Nadir Arslan. 2019. "Monitoring changes in forestry and seasonal snow using surface albedo during 1982–2016 as an indicator." Biogeosciences 16, no. 2: 223-240.
The surface albedo time series CLARA-A2 SAL was used to study trends in the snow melt start and end dates, the melting season length and the albedo value preceding the melt onset in Finland during 1982–2016. The results were compared with corresponding snow melt timing calculated using the land ecosystem model JSBACH. In addition, the melt onset was compared with the greening-up timing based on MODIS data. Likewise the end of snow melt was compared with the melt-off day product by SYKE based on Fractional Snow Cover time-series provided by Copernicus CryoLand service and the FMI operational end of snow melt dates based on in situ measurements. It turned out that the albedo threshold 20 % of the melting season dynamic variation corresponded well to the melt estimate of the permanent snow layer. The greening-up followed the albedo threshold 1 % within 5–13 days, more rapidly in mountainous areas and more slowly on coastal areas. In two northern vegetation map areas a clear trend to earlier snow melt onset (0.5–0.6 days per year) and increasing melting season length (0.6–0.7 days per year) was observed. In the forested part of northern Finland a clear decreasing trend in albedo (0.2 %–0.3 % per year in absolute albedo percentage) before the start of the melt onset was observed. The increased stem volume explained the trend.
Terhikki Manninen; Tuula Aalto; Tiina Markkanen; Mikko Peltoniemi; Kristin Böttcher; Sari Metsämäki; Kati Anttila; Pentti Pirinen; Ali Nadir Arslan. Monitoring changes in forestry and seasonal snow using surface albedo during 1982–2016 as an indicator. 2018, 2018, 1 -36.
AMA StyleTerhikki Manninen, Tuula Aalto, Tiina Markkanen, Mikko Peltoniemi, Kristin Böttcher, Sari Metsämäki, Kati Anttila, Pentti Pirinen, Ali Nadir Arslan. Monitoring changes in forestry and seasonal snow using surface albedo during 1982–2016 as an indicator. . 2018; 2018 ():1-36.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTerhikki Manninen; Tuula Aalto; Tiina Markkanen; Mikko Peltoniemi; Kristin Böttcher; Sari Metsämäki; Kati Anttila; Pentti Pirinen; Ali Nadir Arslan. 2018. "Monitoring changes in forestry and seasonal snow using surface albedo during 1982–2016 as an indicator." 2018, no. : 1-36.
A system for multiple camera networks is proposed for continuous monitoring of ecosystems by processing image time series. The system is built around the Finnish Meteorological Image PROcessing Toolbox (FMIPROT), which includes data acquisition, processing and visualization from multiple camera networks. The toolbox has a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) for which only minimal computer knowledge and skills are required to use it. Images from camera networks are acquired and handled automatically according to the common communication protocols, e.g., File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Processing features include GUI based selection of the region of interest (ROI), automatic analysis chain, extraction of ROI based indices such as the green fraction index (GF), red fraction index (RF), blue fraction index (BF), green-red vegetation index (GRVI), and green excess (GEI) index, as well as a custom index defined by a user-provided mathematical formula. Analysis results are visualized on interactive plots both on the GUI and hypertext markup language (HTML) reports. The users can implement their own developed algorithms to extract information from digital image series for any purpose. The toolbox can also be run in non-GUI mode, which allows running series of analyses in servers unattended and scheduled. The system is demonstrated using an environmental camera network in Finland.
Cemal Melih Tanis; Mikko Peltoniemi; Maiju Linkosalmi; Mika Aurela; Kristin Böttcher; Terhikki Manninen; Ali Nadir Arslan. A System for Acquisition, Processing and Visualization of Image Time Series from Multiple Camera Networks. Data 2018, 3, 23 .
AMA StyleCemal Melih Tanis, Mikko Peltoniemi, Maiju Linkosalmi, Mika Aurela, Kristin Böttcher, Terhikki Manninen, Ali Nadir Arslan. A System for Acquisition, Processing and Visualization of Image Time Series from Multiple Camera Networks. Data. 2018; 3 (3):23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCemal Melih Tanis; Mikko Peltoniemi; Maiju Linkosalmi; Mika Aurela; Kristin Böttcher; Terhikki Manninen; Ali Nadir Arslan. 2018. "A System for Acquisition, Processing and Visualization of Image Time Series from Multiple Camera Networks." Data 3, no. 3: 23.
Annikki Mäkelä; Francesco Minunno; Mikko Peltoniemi. The role of old growth forests in carbon sequestration – do we know enough for scenario modelling? Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleAnnikki Mäkelä, Francesco Minunno, Mikko Peltoniemi. The role of old growth forests in carbon sequestration – do we know enough for scenario modelling? Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnnikki Mäkelä; Francesco Minunno; Mikko Peltoniemi. 2018. "The role of old growth forests in carbon sequestration – do we know enough for scenario modelling?" Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology , no. : 1.
Mikko Peltoniemi; Tiina Markkanen; Francesco Minunno; Tuula Aalto; Jarmo Mäkelä; Tuomo Kalliokoski; Annikki Mäkelä. Net carbon balance of Finnish forests under climate change - Forest management induced differences between local and global model estimates. Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleMikko Peltoniemi, Tiina Markkanen, Francesco Minunno, Tuula Aalto, Jarmo Mäkelä, Tuomo Kalliokoski, Annikki Mäkelä. Net carbon balance of Finnish forests under climate change - Forest management induced differences between local and global model estimates. Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMikko Peltoniemi; Tiina Markkanen; Francesco Minunno; Tuula Aalto; Jarmo Mäkelä; Tuomo Kalliokoski; Annikki Mäkelä. 2018. "Net carbon balance of Finnish forests under climate change - Forest management induced differences between local and global model estimates." Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology , no. : 1.
In recent years, monitoring of the status of ecosystems using low-cost web (IP) or time lapse cameras has received wide interest. With broad spatial coverage and high temporal resolution, networked cameras can provide information about snow cover and vegetation status, serve as ground truths to Earth observations and be useful for gap-filling of cloudy areas in Earth observation time series. Networked cameras can also play an important role in supplementing laborious phenological field surveys and citizen science projects, which also suffer from observer-dependent observation bias. We established a network of digital surveillance cameras for automated monitoring of phenological activity of vegetation and snow cover in the boreal ecosystems of Finland. Cameras were mounted at 14 sites, each site having 1–3 cameras. Here, we document the network, basic camera information and access to images in the permanent data repository (http://www.zenodo.org/communities/phenology_camera/). Individual DOI-referenced image time series consist of half-hourly images collected between 2014 and 2016 (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1066862). Additionally, we present an example of a colour index time series derived from images from two contrasting sites.
Mikko Peltoniemi; Mika Aurela; Kristin Böttcher; Pasi Kolari; John Loehr; Jouni Karhu; Maiju Linkosalmi; Cemal Melih Tanis; Juha-Pekka Tuovinen; Ali Nadir Arslan. Webcam network and image database for studies of phenological changes of vegetation and snow cover in Finland, image time series from 2014 to 2016. Earth System Science Data 2018, 10, 173 -184.
AMA StyleMikko Peltoniemi, Mika Aurela, Kristin Böttcher, Pasi Kolari, John Loehr, Jouni Karhu, Maiju Linkosalmi, Cemal Melih Tanis, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Ali Nadir Arslan. Webcam network and image database for studies of phenological changes of vegetation and snow cover in Finland, image time series from 2014 to 2016. Earth System Science Data. 2018; 10 (1):173-184.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMikko Peltoniemi; Mika Aurela; Kristin Böttcher; Pasi Kolari; John Loehr; Jouni Karhu; Maiju Linkosalmi; Cemal Melih Tanis; Juha-Pekka Tuovinen; Ali Nadir Arslan. 2018. "Webcam network and image database for studies of phenological changes of vegetation and snow cover in Finland, image time series from 2014 to 2016." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 1: 173-184.
Mikko Peltoniemi. Replies to Referee #2. 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleMikko Peltoniemi. Replies to Referee #2. . 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMikko Peltoniemi. 2017. "Replies to Referee #2." , no. : 1.
Mikko Peltoniemi. Reply to referee #1. 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleMikko Peltoniemi. Reply to referee #1. . 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMikko Peltoniemi. 2017. "Reply to referee #1." , no. : 1.
In recent years, monitoring of the status of ecosystems using low-cost web (IP) or time lapse cameras has received wide interest. Networked cameras can provide information about snow cover and vegetation status with a broad spatial coverage and high temporal resolution, and serve as ground truths to earth observations, and be useful for gap-filling of cloudy areas in earth observation time series. Networked cameras can also play an important role in supplementing laborious phenological field surveys and citizen-science projects, which also suffer from observer-dependent observation bias. We established a network of digital surveillance cameras for automated monitoring of phenological activity of vegetation and snow cover in the boreal ecosystems of Finland. Cameras were mounted at 14 sites, each site having 1–3 cameras. Here, we document the network, basic camera information and access to images (see, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.777952) in the permanent data repository (https://www.zenodo.org/communities/phenology_camera/). Individual DOI-referenced image time series from cameras are consisted of half-hourly images collected between 2014 and 2016. Additionally, we present example colour index time series derived from image time series from two contrasting sites.
Mikko Peltoniemi; Mika Aurela; Kristin Böttcher; Pasi Kolari; John Loehr; Jouni Karhu; Maiju Linkosalmi; Cemal Melih Tanis; Juha-Pekka Tuovinen; Ali Nadir Arslan. Webcam network and image database for studies of phenological changes of vegetation and snow cover in Finland, image time series from 2014–2016. 2017, 2017, 1 -23.
AMA StyleMikko Peltoniemi, Mika Aurela, Kristin Böttcher, Pasi Kolari, John Loehr, Jouni Karhu, Maiju Linkosalmi, Cemal Melih Tanis, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Ali Nadir Arslan. Webcam network and image database for studies of phenological changes of vegetation and snow cover in Finland, image time series from 2014–2016. . 2017; 2017 ():1-23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMikko Peltoniemi; Mika Aurela; Kristin Böttcher; Pasi Kolari; John Loehr; Jouni Karhu; Maiju Linkosalmi; Cemal Melih Tanis; Juha-Pekka Tuovinen; Ali Nadir Arslan. 2017. "Webcam network and image database for studies of phenological changes of vegetation and snow cover in Finland, image time series from 2014–2016." 2017, no. : 1-23.