The “Exposome” is a concept that indicates the set of exposures to which a human is subjected during their lifetime. These factors influence the health state of individuals and can drive the development of Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs). Artificial Intelligence (AI) allows one to analyze large amounts of data in a short time. As such, several authors have used AI to study the relationship between exposome and chronic diseases. Under such premises, this study reviews the use of AI in analyzing the exposome to understand its role in the development of chronic diseases, focusing on how AI can identify patterns in exposure-related data and support prevention strategies. To achieve this, we carried out a search on multiple databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SCOPUS, from 1 January 2019 to 31 May 2023, using the MeSH terms (exposome) and (‘Artificial Intelligence’ OR ‘Machine Learning’ OR ‘Deep Learning’) to identify relevant studies on this topic. After completing the identification, screening, and eligibility assessment, a total of 18 studies were included in this literature review. According to the search, most authors used supervised or unsupervised machine learning models to study multiple exposure factors’ role in the risk of developing cardiovascular, metabolic, and chronic respiratory diseases. In some more recent studies, authors also used deep learning. Furthermore, the exposome analysis is useful to study the risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders or evaluating pregnancy outcomes and child growth. Understanding the role of the exposome is pivotal to overcome the classic concept of a single exposure/disease. The application of AI allows one to analyze multiple environmental risks and their combined effects on health conditions. In the future, AI could be helpful in the prevention of chronic diseases, providing new diagnostic, therapeutic, and follow-up strategies.

The incidence of respiratory and cutaneous allergic disorders may be variable if we consider work activity. These disorders are reported in the current literature to have a relevant psychosomatic involvement. The aim of the study was to submit a survey on the self-reported occurrence of allergic respiratory and cutaneous diseases in outdoor and indoor workers to verify the onset or exacerbations of such pathologies, encourage surveillance, and suggest the need for further studies. Two groups of workers were compared when exposed and not exposed to air pollutants. An outdoor population of motorway toll collectors (153 workers; M: 58.03 years old, SD: 6.1; and female prevalence of 66.01%) and an indoor group of office employees (59 workers; mean age 54.44 years, SD: 8.50; and male prevalence of 61.02%) entered the study. The results of three multivariate analyses of the obtained data, investigating contributions of external factors, including age, sex, smoking habits, working type, and seniority, on allergic conditions were significant in both workers’ groups. The findings highlighted that age and smoking habits were significant contributors to allergic conditions, both independently and in combination with other factors, such as sex and working type. The data suggest the presence of phenomena related to different etiological domains, as already reported in the literature. Through the collection of these data, it was possible to highlight the need to analyze clinical signs from different perspectives.

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare systemic vasculitis with eosinophilic inflammation and variable clinical presentations. Although skin manifestations are frequent, current classification criteria do not include them, which may underestimate their diagnostic value. This prospective observational study aimed to assess systemic and skin involvement as well as eosinophilia, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), and Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) serum levels in 20 EGPA patients followed for one year at the University Hospital of Messina, Italy, before starting Mepolizumab, 300 mg. Eosinophilia, ANCA status, systemic and skin involvement were also evaluated at 6 and 12 months; a literature review on these data supplements our findings. Skin involvement was present in 55% of patients, including purpura, urticarial vasculitis, angioedema, maculopapular rash, and nodules, mostly in ANCA-negative patients, though purpura was more frequent in ANCA-positive cases but without any statistically significant correlation. ANAs were present in 50% of patients, together with ANCA in two subjects and without in eight. Mepolizumab significantly reduced eosinophil levels, BVASs, and corticosteroid dependence, with notable improvement in skin symptoms. In conclusion, skin manifestations are common in EGPA and may represent useful indicators of disease activity. Their integration with ANCA status, eosinophil counts, and positivity to other autoantibodies could enhance diagnostic and monitoring strategies identifying different clusters of EGPA patients even if the small sample size limits the generalizability of the findings.

The link between allergic conditions and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is still unclear. Only a few studies suggest allergic diseases are more prevalent in CVID patients than in the general population, and the role of IgE remains poorly defined. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of allergic conditions in CVID and the role of serum IgE and IgA levels. This prospective, cross‐sectional, case–control study enrolled Italian adult CVID patients to investigate allergic conditions' frequency and relationships between IgE, IgA, and clinical phenotypes. Analyses of diagnostic/prognostic accuracy were performed with ROC curves. We documented an allergic disease in 26.6% of 60 CVID patients, most commonly allergic rhinitis (56.2%) and bronchial asthma (12.5%). CVID patients with allergy had higher IgE levels (+8.9 kU/L, p = 0.006) than non‐allergic ones, but lower than allergic individuals without CVID. IgE deficiency was observed in 65% of CVID patients, with a strong correlation between IgE and IgA levels ( r = 0.7, p < 0.001). Low IgE (< 2.5 kU/L) and IgA levels (< 7 mg/dL) were significantly associated with lymphoproliferative ( p < 0.001) and granulomatous phenotypes ( p = 0.005), achieving an AUC of 94% and 81% for predicting lymphoproliferation and granulomatosis, respectively. The prevalence of allergic conditions in CVID patients is lower compared with previous studies. Low IgE levels served as a good biomarker for CVID and CVID‐phenotypes. Combined serum IgE and IgA assessment improved prognostic stratification.

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare vasculitis. A key bio-logical hallmark is peripheral blood eosinophilia while antineutrophil cytoplasmic an-tibody (ANCA) positivity is not always present. Therefore, an early phase suspicion of EGPA leading to a correct diagnosis can be challenging. We performed an observa-tional cross-sectional study limited to baseline data on 38 patients between December 2019 and December 2025 at the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Messina, Italy. Data collection included eosinophil, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts; ANCAs and antinuclear antibodies (ANAs); erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) determination; and the Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS) questionnaire: Median eosinophil counts were 685 cells/µL, the neutro-phil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was 2.29, ESR median values were 24 mm/h, and CRPs were 1.99 mg/L. ANCAs were positive in five patients, and ANAs in 20. The trend in ANA+ patients was of lower median eosinophil counts and higher ESR and CRP me-dian values and median BVASs. General, nervous system, and ENT BVAS domains had higher scores.: Disease activity in EGPA at diagnosis can be difficult to recognize. We defined it as chameleon-like and could not be captured by specific immunological sig-natures. Therefore, an early diagnosis needs multidimensional assessment, integrating laboratory parameters with clinical scores. In our EGPA cohort, ANAs were detected in just over half the patients, suggesting that rather than acting as bystanders, these could help clinicians, together with eosinophil counts, NLRs, and BVASs, to suspect EGPA at an early stage for referral to specialized medical centers.