Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin introduced through the diet with anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, and antioxidant activities. Today, this vitamin is integrated into the treatment of many inflammatory pathologies. However, there is increasing evidence of possible use in treating autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. We reviewed the literature to delve deeper into the rationale for using vitamin C in treating this type of pathology. There is much evidence in the literature regarding the beneficial effects of vitamin C supplementation for treating autoimmune diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and neoplasms, particularly hematological neoplastic diseases. Vitamin C integration regulates the cytokines microenvironment, modulates immune response to autoantigens and cancer cells, and regulates oxidative stress. Moreover, integration therapy has an enhanced effect on chemotherapies, ionizing radiation, and target therapy used in treating hematological neoplasm. In the future, integrative therapy will have an increasingly important role in preventing pathologies and as an adjuvant to standard treatments.

Interleukin (IL)-33 is a key cytokine involved in type-2 immunity and allergic airway disease. At the level of lung epithelial cells, where it is clearly expressed, IL-33 plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immune responses in mucosal organs. It has been widely demonstrated that in the course of respiratory virus infections, the release of IL-33 increases, with consequent pro-inflammatory effects and consequent exacerbation of the clinical symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases. In our work, we analyzed the pathogenetic and prognostic involvement of IL-33 during the main respiratory viral infections, with particular interest in the recent SARS-CoV-2virus pandemic and the aim of determining a possible connection point on which to act with a targeted therapy that is able to improve the clinical outcome of patients.

The “cytokine storm” (CS) consists of a spectrum of different immune dysregulation disorders characterized by constitutional symptoms, systemic inflammation and multiorgan dysfunction triggered by an uncontrolled immune response. Particularly in respiratory virus infections, the cytokine storm plays a primary role in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease and the clinical outcome of respiratory diseases, leading to complications such as alveolar edema and hypoxia. In this review, we wanted to analyze the different pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the various respiratory viral pandemics (COVID-19; SARS; MERS; H1N1 influenza A and Spanish flu) which have affected humans in this and last century, with particular attention to the phenomenon of the “cytokine storm” which determines the clinical severity of the respiratory disease and consequently its lethality.

The “Exposome” is a concept that indicates the set of exposures to which a human is subjected during their lifetime. These factors influence the health state of individuals and can drive the development of Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs). Artificial Intelligence (AI) allows one to analyze large amounts of data in a short time. As such, several authors have used AI to study the relationship between exposome and chronic diseases. Under such premises, this study reviews the use of AI in analyzing the exposome to understand its role in the development of chronic diseases, focusing on how AI can identify patterns in exposure-related data and support prevention strategies. To achieve this, we carried out a search on multiple databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SCOPUS, from 1 January 2019 to 31 May 2023, using the MeSH terms (exposome) and (‘Artificial Intelligence’ OR ‘Machine Learning’ OR ‘Deep Learning’) to identify relevant studies on this topic. After completing the identification, screening, and eligibility assessment, a total of 18 studies were included in this literature review. According to the search, most authors used supervised or unsupervised machine learning models to study multiple exposure factors’ role in the risk of developing cardiovascular, metabolic, and chronic respiratory diseases. In some more recent studies, authors also used deep learning. Furthermore, the exposome analysis is useful to study the risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders or evaluating pregnancy outcomes and child growth. Understanding the role of the exposome is pivotal to overcome the classic concept of a single exposure/disease. The application of AI allows one to analyze multiple environmental risks and their combined effects on health conditions. In the future, AI could be helpful in the prevention of chronic diseases, providing new diagnostic, therapeutic, and follow-up strategies.

Background: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are a significant public concern because of their impact on healthcare systems. Spontaneous reporting of ADRs is crucial for monitoring drug safety and recognizing possible risk factors. The objective of this study was to characterize ADR reports from the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit of the G. Martino University Hospital, Messina, Italy. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted, including all ADRs spontaneously reported from patients attending the clinic because of at least one previous ADR, from June 2022 to June 2024. Results: A total of 388 reports were collected, mainly from females (71.1%) and adult patients (84.3%). ADRs were mostly immediate, from antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs (61.5%), with a high prevalence of cutaneous and respiratory disorders. Delayed reactions were mostly from endocrine therapies, vaccines, and antiepileptics. Anaphylactic shock was present only in 13 ADR reports (3.35%). A higher risk of developing serious ADRs was found in elderly patients aged ≥65 years (p = 0.012). An original finding was that a positive history of allergies (p = 0.023) and past medical history of ADRs (p = 0.045) were negatively correlated to the occurrence of a serious ADR, probably because patients had been previously followed in an allergy setting and alerted about ADRs. Conclusions: This study underlines the role of ADR follow-up in allergy settings to identify preventable traits and related risk factors; appropriate ADR reporting and collaboration between allergists and pharmacovigilance centers can be a winning strategy for ADR prevention.

Allergic anisakiasis (AA), caused by the ingestion of fish contaminated with Anisakis larvae, has emerged as a growing global health concern due to the increasing consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. Anisakis simplex is identified as the primary etiologic species, responsible for gastrointestinal symptoms, IgE-mediated (Type I) or cell-mediated (Type IV) manifestations, and gastro-allergic anisakiasis (GAA), a unique clinical overlap between parasitic infection and acute IgE-mediated food allergy. In this review, we analyzed the epidemiology of Anisakis simplex allergy, the main diagnostic methods to confirm a diagnosis of food allergy, its clinical manifestations, and how these differ in different countries around the world. This multidisciplinary synthesis provides, for the first time, an integrated understanding of Anisakis-induced disease mechanisms across human, animal, and cellular levels. The persistence of allergenic proteins despite standard food processing underscores the need for improved diagnostic tools, public health surveillance, and preventive strategies—particularly in populations with high seafood consumption or occupational exposure. A comprehensive approach combining clinical, molecular, and immunological perspectives is essential to address the expanding global burden of allergic anisakiasis.