Sensitivity analyses are frequently performed to determine the robustness of MCDM methods, of which there are more than 200 types. In the past, rankings were compared to each other rather than to an external ranking. Thus, the direction and meaning of sensitivity can become unclear and complex. In addition, sensitivity analysis is usually performed only based on weight coefficients, but the effect of the normalization type is neglected. In this study, the most appropriate data conversion technique was investigated through an innovative sensitivity procedure to select the e-Small Van, which is an environmentally friendly logistics and transportation vehicle. Seven different normalization types based on the PROBID method (and two additional alternative MCDM methods) were used as parameters, resulting in 105 different MCDM rankings. According to the findings, MCDM rankings, which have low sensitivity, were also the performing methods that produced the highest correlation with price. What is striking is that careless choice of normalization type can be so effective as to manipulate the results. Although the most appropriate technique may vary depending on the data type, the fixed gold standard we recommend offers a flexible solution for all applications. A suitable data converter will result in the choice of a reliable electric vehicle.

TIt is not a desirable situation when input parameters excessively affect the results of a system as well as imply unwarranted drift and inefficiency. This situation, which expresses dependence or sensitivity to inputs, is also considered a problem in the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology family, which has more than 200 members. A newly produced MCDM method is first subjected to sensitivity tests. MCDM methods are generally evaluated for their sensitivity to weighting methods. Sensitivity is affected by many different parameters such as data, normalization, fundamental equation, and distance type. The common methodical approach for sensitivity analysis is to check whether the best alternative changes with the alteration of weight coefficients. It is problematic to identify sensitivity only in the situation where the ranking position of the best alternative changes. In this study, the sensitivity of the entire ranking is based on a holistic view. Moreover, in the classical method, there is no reference point for sensitivity. Each different MCDM result is compared to each other and it is claimed that the method that produces rankings that are significantly different from the others is poor. We reinterpret sensitivity using the relationship between dynamic MCDM-based performance and static price towards the selection of an environmentally friendly, traffic-saving performance electric scooter. Two PROBID variants as well as the CODAS method are used in this study to deepen the accuracy in the comparison. Additionally, how four types of weighting methods and six types of normalization types affected MCDM sensitivity is measured with a different statistical framework. The finding from a total of 72 different MCDM rankings is striking: If the sensitivity of an MCDM method is generally high, the correlation between that MCDM method and the external anchor (price) is low. Conversely, if sentiment is low, a high correlation with price results. These matching patterns are a unique discovery of this work.

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin AB üyesi olmayan Balkan Ülkeleri ile imzalamış olduğu Serbest Ticaret Anlaşmalarının dış ticaret yapısına etkileri 1996-2019 yılları itibariyle incelenip yorumlanmıştır. İhracat açısından, serbest ticaret anlaşması sonrasında Makedonya ile 19 yılda %279,39; Bosna-Hersek ile 16 yılda %617,05; Arnavutluk ile 11 yılda %59,37; Karadağ ile 9 yılda %383,87 ve Sırbistan ile 9 yılda %211,68 oranında toplam ihracatın yükseldiği görülmektedir. İthalat açısından, anlaşma sonrasında Makedonya’dan 19 yılda %927,56; Bosna-Hersek’ten 16 yılda %2220,70; Karadağ’dan 9 yılda %107,79 ve Sırbistan’dan 9 yılda %299,48 oranında toplam ithalatın yükseldiği görülmektedir. Bulgular içerisinde sadece Arnavutluk’tan 11 yılda yapılan ithalat %39,30 oranında düşüş olduğu göze çarpmaktadır. Ayrıca 1996-2019 yılları itibariyle, yani toplam 24 yıl baz alınarak çalışmanın kapsamındaki beş ülkeye yapılan ihracatın Türkiye’nin toplam ihracatından iki kata yakın ve bu beş ülkeden yapılan ithalatın Türkiye’nin toplam ithalatından üç kata yakın artış göstermiştir. Dolayısıyla bu süre içerisinde ilgili ülkelerden yapılan ithalatın ilgili ülkelere yapılan ihracattan daha yüksek oranda arttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

The global economy significantly relies on the air conditioning sector, which has been gaining increased importance worldwide and in Türkiye due to the impact of global warming, climate change, and the diminishing energy resources. As a multifaceted industry encompassing air conditioning, heating, installation, insulation, refrigeration and ventilation sector has been adapting to the growing demand for environmentally friendly and energy-efficient solutions. This study analyzes air conditioning industry of Türkiye and its sub-product groups in terms of its ability to compete internationally, spanning from 2001 to 2021. To assess competitiveness, we employed various analytical tools, including Balassa's Revealed Comparative Advantages Index (RCA), Vollrath Indices (RXA, RMP, RTA, RC), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantages Index (RSCA), Trade Balance Index (TBI), and Product Mapping method. Notably, there is no research that scrutinize the competitiveness of the Turkish air conditioning industry utilizing the Product Mapping. The study findings emphasize that air conditioning industry of Türkiye has competitiveness. Within the sub-product group, the analysis reveals that Türkiye has competitiveness for 11 products, a near-limit competitiveness for 3 products, and a lack of competitiveness for 10 products.

Competitiveness relates to an economy's ability to produce products efficiently and effectively, enabling it to compete in domestic and global markets. It encompasses factors such as productivity, innovation, quality, cost-efficiency, and market access. Competitive economies are more likely to attract investment, create jobs, and achieve higher levels of economic development. Especially competitiveness rankings provide opportunity of benchmarking, effective policy guidance, attractive investment, global comparison and eveluation. In this respect, this study has been conducted to examine Turkey's export structure in the period 2001-2021 within the framework of Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System and to compare its competitiveness with the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage Index (RSCA). The data used to calculate the RSCA values are taken from TradeMap, the database of the International Trade Centre (ITC). The comparison was made with Turkey's highest trading partners, the countries with the largest share in Turkey's export. While Turkey had RSCA in 37 products in 2001, it increased to 45 products in 2021. Similar to Podoba et al. (2021), product groups are categorised according to observable trends in RSCA values. In 2001, 5 products with RSCA decreased, and in 2021, 12 products with comparative advantage replaced them

In the globalizing world, international trade is reaching advanced dimensions every passing day. Exporting companies had to make a competition both in local and international markets. Therefore, countries should have competitiveness both in the domestic and global markets. Nowadays, Turkey is leading pasta producer and exporter. In this study, the situation of the pasta industry in the world and in Turkey and the developments in its foreign trade were examined. This study aims to determine and analyze the international competitiveness of Turkey's pasta industry. Accordingly, pasta export and import data from Turkey and the world between 2001-2020 were used to calculate international competitiveness indices. Within the scope analysis, Balassa's RCA index, Vollrath’s indices (RXA, RMP, RTA, RC), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage Index (RSCA), Trade Balance Index (TBI) were used and The Product Mapping Method developed by Tri Widodo was applied. As a result of the calculation of all indices, it has been revealed that Turkey has a competitive advantage in the pasta industry and specializes in its export. Turkey has the position of a net exporter (Group A) with a comparative advantage in this industry.