Despite successful enactment of Domestic Violence act, 2005 in India to protect Indian women from any kind of domestic violation offence, the decline trend of prevalence of spousal violence against women still remains low. The study aims to explain the factors associated with spousal violence against women through a multilevel modeling framework. We used multilevel logistic regression model, basically here we carried out two-level random intercept model where the data base is used from National Family Health survey 2015-16 data for the fulfillment of our study objectives. A total 34,921 women, who were selected for 2015-16 domestic violence modules by NFHS, were included in this present study. Result of multilevel logistic regression model showed that women who were belonged to poorest economic background, lived in rural areas, had low level of education or no education were at more risk in experiencing violence from their husband. Factors as large family size with more children in a household have a significant positive association with the prevalence of spousal violence against women. In case of higher level contextual variables unemployment, poverty has a crucial effect for upbringing spousal violence where higher literacy rate of a region has a strength that can reduce the probability of violence against women. The Govt. promptness as a collective responsibility to enhance educational facilities for men and women, create employment opportunities and take policies for overall economic and societal development, these may change the individual perception of a person to cause the spousal violence against women.

Background: In the 21st century, people still use solid fuel for cooking at home, resulting in poor indoor air quality. Prolonged exposure to such conditions may negatively affect one’s cognitive function. So, the present study examines the possible association between IAP and the cognitive function of individuals aged 45 years or above in India. Methods: The study utilizes secondary data, procured from the longitudinal ageing study in India (2017-18). Treatment effects through regression-adjusted models were applied to represent the association between IAP and cognitive health and the results are represented by beta coefficient (β). Three separate models with a 95% confidence interval adjusting with the other factors like housing environment, individual and behavioural were framed. Results: The study revealed that households without a separate kitchen (β = -0.64; 95%CI: -0.90 to -0.39) and electricity (β = -0.97; 95%CI: -1.34 to -0.61) significantly affect cognitive strength. Cognitive decline is likely more pronounced among older adults (β = -1.19; 95%CI: -1.42 to -0.96) than the middle-aged population. Moreover, the cognitive ability of rural residents (β = -1.11; 95%CI: -1.49 to -0.73) and women (β = -2.05; 95%CI: -2.29 to -1.81) is negatively associated with IAP exposure. Older adults with no reading habits (β = -6.28; 95%CI: -6.72; to -5.85) and physical inactivity (β = -0.96; 95%CI: -1.22 to -0.70) had a sign of notable decline in cognitive ability. Conclusions: Findings revealed that cognitive function is negatively associated with IAP, demanding a deep intervention plan to minimize the detrimental effect.

Geriatric depression is one of the most common mental disorders globally. The relationship between social participation and having depressive disorders can be considered as reciprocal. The main aim of this present study was systemizing the evidences on the influence of social non-participation on depression among older adults. Systematic review specifically Meta-analysis was performed to show the adverse impact of social non-participation on depression among the older adults. Maintaining all the inclusion and exclusion criteria required for this systematic review, empirical studies conducted within the last decade only investigating the association between social non-participation and depression were retrieved and summarized. Database searches were performed in Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Google scholar, Web of Science, SocINDEX, PsycINFO and ProQuest platforms. A total number of 10 studies were added to conduct meta-analysis. Majority of the studies (6) examined that the older people who did not participate socially had more likelihood of getting depressed. The average effect size across all studies using random effects model was found as OR-2.07 [95% CI: 1.49–2.65] which suggested that the older people having no social participation were 2.07 times more likely of becoming depressed than those participated in social events. As with increasing ages, different health issue arises and social isolation increases; effective social gerontological interventions are required for achieving better mental health of older people. Future research should include long-term follow up and repeated measures to longitudinally investigate the effect of social participation on geriatric depression.