Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains one of the current medical and social problems, as it causes deep disability in patients. The use of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) is one strategy for stimulating the post-traumatic recovery of the structure and function of the spinal cord. Here, we chose an optimal method for obtaining cytochalasin B-induced EVs, including steps with active vortex mixing for 60 s and subsequent filtration to remove nuclei and disorganized inclusions. The therapeutic potential of repeated intrathecal injection of autologous MSC-derived EVs in the subacute period of pig contused SCI was also evaluated for the first time. In this study, we observed the partial restoration of locomotor activity by stimulating the remyelination of axons and timely reperfusion of nervous tissue.

One of the major problems observed in veterinary practice is articular cartilage injuries in animals. In terms of agriculture, it leads to their culling from the herd, even if they are highly productive animals. With companion animals, owners usually have to decide between euthanasia or long-term sometimes lifelong treatment of the injury by a veterinarian. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of cartilage injury in veterinary medicine is based on the good results observed in preclinical studies, where large animals have been used as experimental models to study the regenerative activity of MSCs. According to the literature, MSCs in veterinary medicine have been used to treat cartilage injury of dogs and horses, whereas sheep and goats are generally models for reproducing the disease in preclinical experimental studies.

Most diseases affecting cows in the early stages of lactation are of an inflammatory nature and are associated with a decrease in reproductive function. Unfavorable environmental factors cause metabolic disorders, hormonal disorders and a decrease in the body's resistance. Favorable conditions are created for the development of opportunistic microflora in the reproductive organs of cows, causing inflammatory processes that can lead to infertility, decreased milk productivity and large economic losses. All this justifies the great interest shown in the study of obstetric and gynecological pathology by veterinary specialists, who consider the development and implementation of preventive and therapeutic measures to combat infertility as an urgent and serious task. Postpartum endometritis is a common disease in dairy herds. Antibiotics in treatment regimens become ineffective because pathogens infecting the uterine cavity develop resistance to them. Complex remedies are needed that have antiseptic, myotropic, wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects. A therapeutic veterinary drug «Endoseptam» has been developed, its high effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of endometritis has been proven. Studies are being conducted to establish the safety profile of the product. This article presents the results of studying the embryotoxic effect of the newly developed drug. White rats were used in the experiment. The drug was administered to laboratory animals per os at doses of 2000 mg/ kg and 20,000 mg / kg during 19 days of pregnancy. On the 20th day of pregnancy, some of the animals were euthanized and autopsied to assess the effects of «Endoseptam» on developing embryos/fetuses. The remaining part of the animals in the experiment was monitored to record the growth and development of offspring. The data obtained confirm the absence of toxic effects on developing embryos/fetuses of a complex remedy for the prevention and treatment of endometritis. When observing the physical development of offspring, there were no violations of embryonic development manifested in the postnatal period of life. The drug «Endoseptam» does not have an embryotoxic effect.

Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) is a heterogeneous group of inherited keratinization disorders with diffuse skin lesions. It includes lamellar ichthyosis, congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, and fetal ichthyosis. The common pathognomonic feature is generalized neonatal erythroderma. Lamellar ichthyosis is caused by mutations in the TGM1 gene encoding transglutaminase 1 (TGM1), leading to a functional deficiency of the enzyme in the epidermis. TGM1 deficiency causes severe keratinization defects and skin barrier impairment (leading to metabolic disorders, growth delay, and bacterial infections), with severe cases risking potentially fatal sepsis. Current therapeutic approaches are only symptomatic. In this study, we analyzed the functionality and safety of an adeno-associated viral vector of serotype 2 encoding TGM1 (AAV2-TGM1) for gene therapy of lamellar ichthyosis. The functionality of AAV2-TGM1 was confirmed in vitro on HEK293, HaCaT, and SH-SY5Y cells and human primary fibroblasts. A significant increase in TGM1 mRNA, protein levels, and enzymatic activity was shown. The vector was characterized and applied in vivo in rats and pigs. Intradermal injection and topical application resulted in increased protein levels in the skin, as shown by PCR and immunofluorescence. Safety was confirmed by the absence of significant histological, biochemical, and cellular changes. The results demonstrate the promise of AAV2-TGM1 for dermal application in gene therapy of lamellar ichthyosis.