Leadership and organizational trust have become increasingly important in sport organizations. This study investigated the separate effects of inclusive leadership and autocratic leadership on organizational trust and the moderating role of sport involvement in these relationships. A total of 250 sport organization employees participated in the survey. This study conducted confirmatory factor analysis and latent moderated structural equation modeling (LMS) to test the research hypotheses. We found that while inclusive leadership was positively related to organizational trust, autocratic leadership was negatively related to organizational trust. Organizational trust positively influenced employees’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The findings also confirmed that sport involvement moderated the relationship between inclusive leadership and organizational trust. Furthermore, sport involvement had a marginally significant moderating effect on the relationship between autocratic leadership and organizational trust. The results of this study provide meaningful insight into sport organizations.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of physical activity on health-related quality of life. Data from the 2019 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. The participants were 1495 (56.7% women) older individuals older than 65 years of age. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple regression analysis were performed to determine the effect of walking and strength exercise on the health-related quality of life using the Korean version of the health-related quality of life questionnaire called the Korean Health-Related Quality of Life Instrument with 8 Items (HINT-8). The one-way ANOVA revealed that the health-related quality of life (according to the HINT-8) differed depending on increases in walking and strength exercise. Furthermore, walking and strength exercise positively influenced the health-related quality of life according to the HINT-8. Therefore, this study showed that walking and strength exercise were associated with the health-related quality of life among older Korean individuals. This study will be helpful for future studies on the health-related quality of life of older individuals.

Virtual reality spectatorship (VRS) is receiving the limelight as a new form of sports media consumption in the sports industry, but prolonged exposure to the virtual reality (VR) environment is likely to reduce the benefits of VR due to satiation or adaptation. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the experiential differences in telepresence, flow experience, and satisfaction between a two-dimensional (2D) screen, VRS without interruptions, and VRS with interruptions. For this purpose, 150 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. They watched a 12-min-long soccer game and then answered the measurement items. A total of 149 participants were used for the data analyses, including confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results revealed that VRS offers more enhanced telepresence, flow experience, and satisfaction than a 2D screen. Furthermore, flow experience was enhanced in VRS with interruptions compared to VRS without interruptions. Lastly, satisfaction was found to increase depending on time lapses in VRS with interruptions. The experiential patterns in VRS depending on interruptions and time lapses imply that inserting interruptions such as commercials could be not only beneficial for viewing experiences but also effective practice for increasing revenue from advertising.

Purpose: This study applied statistical parametric mapping (SPM) to examine temporal differences in bilateral lower limb neuromuscular control and kinetics during unilateral countermovement jumps (CMJ) in speed climbers, and to explore their relationship with sport-specific performance. Methods: Fourteen elite male climbers completed unilateral CMJs and a standard 15 m speed climb. Surface electromyography and vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) were synchronously recorded. Root mean square amplitudes, knee/ankle co-contraction indices (CCI), and time-varying vGRF curves were computed, alongside asymmetry indices. SPM assessed bilateral temporal differences across the CMJ cycle, while Pearson correlation evaluated links between asymmetry and climbing time. Results: SPM results showed significantly higher activation of rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and tibialis anterior, as well as greater knee and ankle CCI in the left limb at specific phases (p < 0.05). vGRF exhibited phase-dependent asymmetry: the left leg produced greater force during rapid loading (30–32%), whereas the right leg showed higher output during the peak phase (90–94%). Climbing time was positively correlated with vGRF asymmetry (r = 0.61, p = 0.028), but not with CCI asymmetry (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Results indicate clear functional differentiation. The left limb showed higher activation and co-contraction during braking, propulsion, and peak phases, primarily for stabilization. The right limb generated higher force during propulsion and peak phases, serving an explosive role. Notably, only vGRF asymmetry, and not neuromuscular asymmetry, was associated with performance. These findings suggest that training may prioritize balancing macroscopic kinetic output (i.e., reducing vGRF asymmetry) rather than pursuing inter-limb neuromuscular symmetry.

Objective: To systematically evaluate the rehabilitation effect of brain-computer interface (BCI)-controlled hand robot training on post-stroke motor functions, especially upper limb functions. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, SinoMed, WanFang Data, and VIP Database were searched from inception to 13 March 2026. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with dose-matched designs were included, where the test group underwent BCI-controlled hand robot training and the control group received either pure hand robot training or routine rehabilitation. Meta-analysis was performed on RevMan 5.4. Results: Totally 11 RCTs involving 380 patients were included. Compared with hand robot training alone, BCI-controlled hand robot training significantly improved Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) scores (MD = 4.87, 95% CI: 1.04 to 8.69) and FMA-UE proximal scores (MD = 4.44, 95% CI: 0.15 to 8.74), and significantly reduced finger flexor spasticity (MD = −0.44, 95% CI: −0.68 to −0.21), but showed no significant difference in distal upper limb motor function or Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) scores. Compared with routine rehabilitation, BCI-controlled hand robot training significantly improved FMA-UE scores (MD = 6.55, 95% CI: 3.49 to 9.61). Conclusions: BCI-controlled hand robot training can effectively improve overall upper limb and proximal motor function after stroke and alleviate finger flexor spasticity, but the evidence for distal hand function and long-term efficacy remains limited.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system disease with a high paralysis rate caused by external forces or other diseases, including primary and secondary SCI. Patients with SCI present a...