Cosmetics and personal care items are used worldwide and administered straight to the skin. The hazardous nature of the chemical surfactant utilized in the production of cosmetics has caused alarm on a global scale. Therefore, bacterial biosurfactants (BS) are becoming increasingly popular in industrial product production as a biocompatible, low‐toxic alternative surfactant. Chemical surfactants can induce allergic responses and skin irritations; thus, they should be replaced with less harmful substances for skin health. The cosmetic industry seeks novel biological alternatives to replace chemical compounds and improve product qualities. Most of these chemicals have a biological origin and can be obtained from plant, bacterial, fungal, and algal sources. Various biological molecules have intriguing capabilities, such as biosurfactants, vitamins, antioxidants, pigments, enzymes, and peptides. These are safe, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly than chemical options. Plant‐based biosurfactants, such as saponins, offer numerous advantages over synthetic surfactants, i.e., biodegradable, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly nature. Saponins are a promising source of natural biosurfactants for various industrial and academic applications. However, microbial glycolipids and lipopeptides have been used in biotechnology and cosmetics due to their multifunctional character, including detergency, emulsifying, foaming, and skin moisturizing capabilities. In addition, some of them have the potential to be used as antibacterial agents. In this review, we like to enlighten the application of microbial biosurfactants for replacing chemical surfactants in existing cosmetic and personal skincare pharmaceutical formulations due to their antibacterial, skin surface moisturizing, and low toxicity characteristics.

Role of Endophytic Microbes Against Plant Pathogens: A Review

Concerning sustainable agriculture, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which are a subgroup of “fluorescent pseudomonads,” are crucial. They are widely known for supporting plant health through a variety of methods. The use of fluorescent pseudomonads in agri-biotechnology has gained traction due to their potential for safeguarding plants from a variety of phytopathogens. Fluorescent pseudomonads being commercialized as bioinoculants for the treatment of various plant diseases is currently regarded as highly successful on a global scale. Fluorescent pseudomonads are being employed as efficient bio-control agents (BCAs) against an array of phytopathogens. Due to their capacity to generate a wide range of secondary metabolites, they offer enormous promise as BCA. Thus, this review’s goal is to outline and evaluate the functions of fluorescent pseudomonads’ secondary metabolites in reducing phytopathogens and improving plant health. Prominent secondary metabolites linked to biocontrol through fluorescent pseudomonads include phenazines (PHZ), 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), pyoluteorin (PLT), pyrrolnitrin (PRN), cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, and antinematicidal effects of these metabolites are well-established.

Population growth, greater wealth, and shifting dietary preferences are all contributing to an increase in the global demand for food. More than half of the world's population gets the majority of their calories from rice. After wheat and maize, it is the thirdlargest crop in the world. Worldwide, brown spot brought on by Helminthosporium oryzae causes a 5% yield loss each year. Fields that have been negatively impacted indicate yield loss of up to 45%. Changes in permeability were brought on by Helminthosporium oryzae infection in rice tissues. The H. oryzae toxin ophiobolin caused electrolyte loss from the roots, leaves, and coleoptiles of rice plants. Increases in toxin concentration were accompanied by an increase in electrolyte loss from rice tissue. For the management of the disease, a variety of strategies have been used, including the adoption of brown spot resistant rice cultivars, chemical ameliorations, and biological control techniques. Nonetheless, given the current situation, the condition still appears to be chronic and dangerous. In this review, we have emphasized epidemiology, control methods, and a number of quantitative and qualitative disease management gaps that, if filled, would have a significant impact on the sustainable production of rice and the management of crop diseases that are pertinent to farmers' current circumstances.

Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers are a helpful strategy among the various molecular marker techniques for strengthening molecular breeding programs. These are useful markers for genotyping plant populations with tandem repeats of 2-6 base pair length DNA patterns. The expansion of various molecular markers and advances in sequencing technologies has aided crop improvement. Several articles for research scholars with progressive knowledge of molecular genetics have been published in the last three decades to probe the information regarding molecular markers. This article reviews novel advances regarding molecular markers and their implementations in plant breeding for researchers with no expertise in using molecular markers in plant breeding. A superior comprehension of molecular markers, and a better consciousness of the spectrum of crops that can be grown, has resulted from progress in molecular plant breeding, genetics, genomic selection, and genome rectification. Further-generation sequence technology must enable the production of novel genetic markers for multifaceted and amorphous groups through genotyping-by-sequencing and union mapping. The review also discusses almost all the microsatellite markers and their advantages and disadvantages.