Developmental Dyslexia (DD) is a neurobiological condition affecting the ability to read fluently and/or accurately. Analyzing resting-state electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in DD may provide a deeper characterization of the underlying pathophysiology and possible biomarkers. So far, studies investigating resting-state activity in DD provided limited evidence and did not consider the aperiodic component of the power spectrum. In the present study, adults with (n = 26) and without DD (n = 31) underwent a reading skills assessment and resting-state EEG to investigate potential alterations in aperiodic activity, their impact on the periodic counterpart and reading performance. In parieto-occipital channels, DD participants showed a significantly different aperiodic activity as indexed by a flatter and lower power spectrum. These aperiodic measures were significantly related to text reading time, suggesting a link with individual differences in reading difficulties. In the beta band, the DD group showed significantly decreased aperiodic-adjusted power compared to typical readers, which was significantly correlated to word reading accuracy. Overall, here we provide evidence showing alterations of the endogenous aperiodic activity in DD participants consistently with the increased neural noise hypothesis. In addition, we confirm alterations of endogenous beta rhythms, which are discussed in terms of their potential link with magnocellular-dorsal stream deficit.

Developmental dyslexia (DD) affects approximately 10% of individuals, impairing reading ability thus limiting professional fulfilment and psychological wellbeing. DD is associated with both phonological and visual deficits, and the latter are attributed to dysfunctions of the magnocellular-dorsal visual stream, which has a critical role in planning saccades and supporting the extraction of letters/words identity. Currently, there are no effective treatments to restore the brain networks underlying visuospatial analysis and oculomotor efficiency. Adults with DD were enrolled in a randomised clinical trial introducing a non-invasive neuromodulation protocol specifically designed to enhance dorsal stream functionality. We used bi-focal beta-band transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) in parietal areas, due to the recognized role of beta oscillation in the dorsal stream functionality. Coupled with a 12-session visuoattentional training, such protocol induced improvements in reading speed, oculomotor control, and visual motion perception. Additionally, beta-tACS led to long-term enhancement of working memory. These outcomes were exclusive or superior to those obtained with a placebo/sham neuromodulation, and were accompanied by plastic changes in the stimulated brain networks. Overall, our findings show the efficacy of multisession tACS in improving core visual, oculomotor and cognitive deficits associated with reading disorders.