This investigation is focused on evaluation of the corrosion behavior of embedded steel bars (SB) into concretes. Conventional and modified concretes with eggshell are prepared. Although the effect of calcium carbonate on mechanical behavior is recognized and reported, their effects as eggshell (ES) particles replacing portions of sand and cement contents are reasonably scarce. Corrosion behavior is evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the potentiodynamic polarization technique. Equivalent circuit and porous electrode behavior are also considered. The novelty concerns a promising use of concrete with ES content to maintain corrosion resistance concatenated with reasonable structural properties. For this purpose, three distinct concrete mixtures are proposed, i.e., a reference and two modified concretes. One replaces 10 wt.% with cement and another 10 wt.% with sand content. It is found that porous electrode behavior helps to predict the corrosion mechanism. Finer ES particles in concrete mixture provides a rapidly passivation on rebar. This reflects positively in corrosion current density after long-term immersion. Additionally, an environmentally friendly aspect associated with economical factor constitutes a promise use of the concrete.

In this work the Nb 2 InC phase is investigated by X-ray diffraction, heat capacity, magnetic and resistivity measurements. Polycrystalline samples with Nb 2 InC nominal compositions were prepared by solid state reaction. X-ray powder patterns suggest that all peaks can be indexed with the hexagonal phase of Cr 2 AlC prototype. The electrical resistance as a function of temperature for Nb 2 InC shows superconducting behavior below 7.5 K. The M ( H ) data show typical type-II superconductivity with H C1 ∼ 90 Oe at 1.8 K. The specific heat data are consistent with bulk superconductivity. The Sommerfeld constant is estimated as γ ∼ 12.6 mJ mol −1 K −1 . PACS 74.70.−b 74.70.Dd Keywords Superconductivity Carbide Nanolaminated MAX phase 1 Introduction The so-called M n +1 AX n phases (MAX), where M is a transition metal, A an A-group element and X is C or N, were synthesized via conventional solid state reaction by Nowotny and co-workers in the 1960s [1] . The crystal structure of these compounds is reported to be hexagonal with space group P6 3 /mmc and can be described as layers of M 2 X intercalated with A-group elements [2] . The weakness of the bonding through the A-layer coupled with relatively strong transition-metal carbide layers underline potential application due to their mechanical, electrical and thermal properties [1–8] . In addition, these compounds have surprisingly high electrical and thermal conductivities. Thus, some of these phases have been the focus of recent work. Only three articles have dealt with superconductivity in these materials [9–11] . Recently our group has contributed to discovery of superconductivity in these materials [12,13] . The Nb 2 InC phase was first synthesized by Jeitschko et al. [14] but few results have been reported about this compound. This work reports the first observation of superconductivity in the Nb 2 InC with T C = 7.5 K. 2 Experimental procedure The samples were prepared using mixtures of graphite, Nb and In powders of high purity in the stoichiometric combination Nb 2 InC. The powders were compacted in square form of 10 × 10 mm 2 and 2 mm in thickness, sealed in a quartz ampoule, and placed in a tube furnace at 1000 °C for 48 h. After this treatment, the samples were ground and homogenized in an agate mortar, pressed again with same dimensions as before, and sintered at 1000 °C further for 120 h. After this sintering procedure, all samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction in a XRD-6000 Shimadzu, using Ni filter and Cu K α radiation. The electrical transport properties were carried out by the conventional four probe method as a function of the temperature between 2.0 K and 220 K, in an Oxford Instruments MagLab EXA-9T. Magnetization measurements were performed in a 7 T VSM-SQUID magnetometer from Quantum Design. Specific heat data were collected in a Quantum Design PPMS-12 instrument using the thermal relaxation method at zero magnetic field. 3 Discussion The crystal structure of Nb 2 InC heat-treated at 1000 °C for 120 h was determined by X-ray powder diffraction displayed in Fig. 1 . The peaks position are well indexed in the hexagonal unit cell with Cr 2 AlC prototype. There are some peaks which can be indexed as metallic indium. The calculated lattice parameters are a = 3.172 Å and c = 14.37 Å, these results are consistent with the data reported by Jeitschko et al. [14] . In order to study the transport properties of the Nb 2 InC samples the electrical resistivity as a function of temperature was measured. The ρ ( T ) curve is shown in Fig. 2 where it is possible to observe a transition temperature close to 7.5 K (onset temperature). Furthermore a careful inspection of the data in Fig. 2 indicates a linear behavior to R ( T ) above superconducting transition. The normal state has metallic behavior from 4.2 K to 300 K. Susceptibility measurement corroborates the superconductivity (inset Fig. 2 ). This figure shows the superconducting transition close to 7.5 K in both zero-field cooling (ZFC) and field cooling (FC) magnetic susceptibility measurements. M ( H ) data also show clearly that Nb 2 InC is a type-II superconductor ( Fig. 3 ). H C1 at 1.8 K was 90 Oe estimated from the linear regime in the M ( H ) curve, which implies a Ginzburg–Landau superconducting penetration depth λ GL of approximately 0.271 μm. From the linear regime in the M ( H ) curve we estimated the superconducting volume which it is approximately 33%. The specific heat ( Cp ) is shown in Fig. 4 . As expected, the specific heat data in zero field show an anomaly at T C = 7.5 K which is close to the T C determined by resistivity and susceptibility measurements. The normal-state specific heat measured at μ 0 H = 0 T is fitted to Cp = γT + βT 3 , where the first, and second terms represent the electronic and the lattice contributions, respectively. The linear fit to these data gives: γ ∼ 12.6 mJ mol −1 K −2 and β ∼ 0.54 mJ mol −1 K −4 . These values are higher than in the isostructural materials Nb 2 SnC ( γ = 3.15 mJ mol −1 K −2 ), Ti 4 AlN 3 ( γ = 8.12 mJ mol −1 K −2 ), and Ti 3 SiC 2 ( γ = 5.21 mJ mol −1 K −2 ) [15–17] . The Debye model connects the β coefficient and Debye temperature ( Θ D ) through [18] Θ D = 12 π 4 5 β m nR 1 3 where R = 8.314 J mol −1 K −1 , β m = 4 β , and n = 4 for Nb 2 InC. With this data it is possible to estimate Θ D ∼ 154 K. With this value the electron–phonon coupling constant ( λ ep ) can be estimated from McMillian’s relation [19] λ ep = 1.04 + μ ∗ ln Θ D 1.45 T C ( 1 - 0.62 μ ∗ ) ln Θ D 1.45 T C - 1.04 where μ ∗ is a Coulomb repulsion constant. A typical value for μ ∗ is 0.10....