The excessive use of power semiconductor devices in a grid utility increases the malfunction of the control system, produces power quality disturbances (PQDs) and reduces the electrical component life. The present work proposes a novel algorithm based on Improved Principal Component Analysis (IPCA) and 1-Dimensional Convolution Neural Network (1-D-CNN) for detection and classification of PQDs. Firstly, IPCA is used to extract the statistical features of PQDs such as Root Mean Square, Skewness, Range, Kurtosis, Crest Factor, Form Factor. IPCA is decomposed into four levels. The principal component (PC) is obtained by IPCA, and it contains a maximum amount of original data as compare to PCA. 1-D-CNN is also used to extract features such as mean, energy, standard deviation, Shannon entropy, and log-energy entropy. The statistical analysis is employed for optimal feature selection. Secondly, these improved features of the PQDs are fed to the 1-D-CNN-based classifier to gain maximum classification accuracy. The proposed IPCA-1-D-CNN is utilized for classification of 12 types of synthetic and simulated single and multiple PQDs. The simulated PQDs are generated from a modified IEEE bus system with wind energy penetration in the balanced distribution system. Finally, the proposed IPCA-1-D-CNN algorithm has been tested with noise (50 dB to 20 dB) and noiseless environment. The obtained results are compared with SVM and other existing techniques. The comparative results show that the proposed method gives significantly higher classification accuracy.

Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves consist of dietetically important diterpene steviol glycosides (SGs): stevioside (ST) and rebaudioside-A (Reb-A). ST and Reb-A are key sweetening compounds exhibiting a sweetening potential of 100 to 300 times more intense than that of table sucrose. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of SGs was optimized by effective process optimization techniques, such as response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling coupled with genetic algorithm (GA) as a function of ethanol concentration (X₁: 0–100%), sonication time (X₂: 10–54 min), and leaf–solvent ratio (X₃: 0.148–0.313 g·mL⁻¹). The maximum target responses were obtained at optimum UAE conditions of 75% (X₁), 43 min (X₂), and 0.28 g·mL⁻¹ (X₃). ANN-GA as a potential alternative indicated superiority to RSM. UAE as a green technology proved superior to conventional maceration extraction (CME) with reduced resource consumption. Moreover, UAE resulted in a higher total extract yield (TEY) and SGs including Reb-A and ST yields as compared to those that were obtained by CME with a marked reduction in resource consumption and CO₂ emission. The findings of the present study evidenced the significance of UAE as an ecofriendly extraction method for extracting SGs, and UAE scale-up could be employed for effectiveness on an industrial scale. These findings evidenced that the UAE is a high-efficiency extraction method with an improved statistical approach.

Power quality disturbances (PQDs) have major challenges in embedded generation systems, renewable energy networks, and HVDC/HVAC electrical power transmission networks. Due to PQDs, electrical power network can have disruption in the protection system, security system, and energy-saving system. PQDs also affect the operation cost and consistency of electrical power systems. This paper presents an innovative method based on compressive sensing (CS), singular spectrum analysis (SSA), wavelet transform (WT) and deep neural network (DNN) for monitoring and classification of PQDs. Feature extraction and selection is an essential part of the classification of PQDs. In this paper, initially, SSA time-series tool and multi-resolution wavelet transform are introduced to extract the features of PQDs, and then CS technique is used to reduce the dimensionality of the extracted features. Finally, DNN-based classifier is used to classify the single-and-combined PQDs. The DNN architecture is constructed utilizing the restricted Boltzmann machine, which is then fine-tuned by back-propagation. The heart of this paper is to enhance the classification and monitoring accuracy and comparison of the results of WT-based classifier with SSA-based classifier. The proposed method is tested using 15 types of single and combined PQDs. These disturbances are transitory in the transmission and distribution networks such as voltage sag, swell, transient, interruption, harmonic, etc. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the SSA-based DNN classifier has significantly higher potential than the WT-based classifier to classify the power quality events under noisy and noiseless conditions.

Power quality disturbances (PQDs) occur as the use of non-linear load and renewable-based micro-grids increases. This paper presents a new algorithm that consists of the discrete orthogonal S-transform (DOST) in the feature extraction stage, compressive sensing (CS) in the feature reduction stage, and a deep stacking network (DSN) for the automatic classification of single and multiple PQDs. It compresses the extracted feature matrix (orthogonal S-matrix coefficients) to minimize the computational process and provide more diversified features. Firstly, PQDs data is generated from a modified IEEE 13 bus system with wind grid integration, both synthetically and in real time. Moreover, compressive measurements of 24 types of multiple PQDs events and nine types of single PQDs events of synthetic and real data, and 12 type of three-phase single and multiple PQDs from the modified IEEE wind grid integration are fed to a proposed DSN classifier for PQD recognition. The DOST-based CS feature extraction technique achieves good robustness and time-frequency localization while retaining useful information. The DSN classifier method utilizes a Batch-mode gradient as a fine-tune, which has less noise gradient and improved efficiency of PQD classification. A noise level of 20 dB to 50 dB is considered. Other models, such as k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Multiclass Support Vector Machine (MSVM), and ensemble learner methods, are also developed to compare the efficiency. The high classification results demonstrate that the DOST-CS feature extraction and the DSN classifier have high precision in identifying multiple power quality events, even in noisy conditions.

Gene selection is an essential step for the classification of microarray cancer data. Gene expression cancer data (deoxyribonucleic acid microarray] facilitates in computing the robust and concurrent expression of various genes. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) requires simple operators and less number of parameters for tuning the model in gene selection. The selection of a prognostic gene with small redundancy is a great challenge for the researcher as there are a few complications in PSO based selection method. In this research, a new variant of PSO (Self-inertia weight adaptive PSO) has been proposed. In the proposed algorithm, SIW-APSO-ELM is explored to achieve gene selection prediction accuracies. This novel algorithm establishes a balance between the exploitation and exploration capabilities of the improved inertia weight adaptive particle swarm optimization. The self-inertia weight adaptive particle swarm optimization (SIW-APSO) algorithm is employed for solution explorations. Each particle in the SIW-APSO increases its position and velocity iteratively through an evolutionary process. The extreme learning machine (ELM) has been designed for the selection procedure. The proposed method has been employed to identify several genes in the cancer dataset. The classification algorithm contains ELM, K-centroid nearest neighbor, and support vector machine to attain high forecast accuracy as compared to the start-of-the-art methods on microarray cancer datasets that show the effectiveness of the proposed method.