Spot Vision Screener (SVS) can conduct refraction tests for both eyes within a short period. This study aims to evaluate the refraction and pupil diameters of 3-year- and 1-month-old Japanese children using SVS in regular medical checkup. We examined 2438 eyes of 1219 children (age: 3-year- and 1-month) in Fujieda (Shizuoka, Japan) to assess their refraction and pupil diameters and eye-position screening conducted by SVS. SVS successfully measured 1217 children (99.8%). Regarding the right eye refraction, the spherical power was +0.70 ± 0.55 D (median, +0.75 D), and the cylindrical power was −0.67 ± 0.49 D (median, −0.50 D). The pupil diameter of the right eyes was 5.57 ± 0.79 (median, 5.60) mm. we could obtain a large number of basic data for 3-year- and 1-month-old Japanese children. However, refraction and pupil diameter of children were not normally distributed, so careful handling of children’s basic data on the eye is necessary.

Smooth pursuit eye movements and saccadic eye movements are vital for precise vision. Therefore, tests for eye movement are important for assessing nervous or muscular diseases. However, objective measurements are not frequently performed due to the need for a polygraph system, electrodes, amplifier, and personal computer for data analysis. To address this, we developed an all-in-one eye-movement-measuring device that simultaneously presents visual stimuli, records eye positions, and examines its feasibility for evaluating eye movements. This device generates stimulus that induces eye movements and records those movements continuously. The horizontal or vertical eye movements of 16 participants were measured at various visual target speeds of 20–100 deg/s. The maximum cross-correlation coefficient (rho max) between the eye and visual target positions was used as an index of eye movement accuracy. A repeated-measures multi-way analysis of variance was performed, with the main effect being that rho max significantly decreased as the visual target speed increased. The average (±standard deviation) rho max values across all velocities were 0.995 ± 0.008 and 0.967 ± 0.062 in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively, and were significantly higher for horizontal eye movements than for vertical eye movements. Moreover, rho max and saccadic frequency were significantly correlated for the slowest and fastest visual target motions. These suggest that our device enables accurate measurements of eye movements. We believe our new measurement device can be applied clinically for easily and objectively evaluating eye movements.

Athletes, particularly ball game players, benefit from focusing on fast-moving visual targets. In this study, we hypothesized that athletes, specifically professional basketball players, exhibit more accurate saccadic eye movements compared to non-athletes. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the eye movements of eight female professional basketball players from the Niigata Albirex BB (basketball player group) and compared them to eight sex-matched healthy volunteers from a previous study. Eye movements were measured using the Eye Score device. The visual target moved continuously for 20 s at a speed of 100 degrees/s in regular triangular wave-like movements horizontally. The subjects tracked the visual targets with maximum accuracy. The total amplitudes of evoked eye movements during tracking were 37.96 ± 0.82 for the basketball player group and 27.74 ± 2.55 deg (mean ± SEM) for the non-athlete group, indicating a significant difference. These findings suggest that basketball players may achieve accurate saccades by employing predictive saccades. The saccades of the basketball players were concentrated at the fifth frame (0.17 s after the onset of target motion), exhibiting a more peaked distribution than the normal curve. The results imply that athletes may execute predictive saccades when tracking targets with predictable movements, even outside of actual competition.

Purpose: There are many unclear points about the accuracy of measurement of cycloplegic refraction using the Spot Vision Screener (SVS). This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of SVS measurements with cycloplegia for myopia. Materials and Methods: Forty-nine healthy subjects were included, and refraction was measured. Objective refractions were measured by SVS, table-mounted autorefractometer (RT7000), and handheld autorefractometer (Retinomax Screeen) at noncycloplegic and cycloplegic conditions by 1% cyclopentolate. Subjective noncycloplegic refraction was obtained by a visual acuity and refraction test performed by certified orthoptists using a cross-cylinder. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine whether the measured refractions fluctuate due to different reflection tests. Results: In the noncycloplegic condition, the mean (±standard deviation) spherical equivalent (SE) measured by subjective method, SVS, RT7000, and Retinomax Screeen were − 2.56 ± 3.00, − 2.62 ± 2.38, − 3.05 ± 2.84, and − 3.26 ± 2.97, respectively. The subjective SE and objective SE measured by SVS had significantly less myopic value than the objective SE measured by two autorefractometers (p < 0.001). In the cycloplegic condition, the mean (± standard deviation) SE measured by SVS, RT7000, and Retinomax Screeen were − 2.07 ± 2.66, − 2.62 ± 2.98, and − 2.66 ± 3.02, respectively. The objective SE measured by SVS had significantly less myopic value than SEs measured using other methods (p < 0.001). In the cycloplegic condition, SVS showed a fixed error wherein the SE was more hyperopic than that with the subjective method and SVS had a proportional error. Conclusion: In the measurement under cycloplegic conditions, use of an autorefractometer rather than a photorefractometer such as SVS was preferable.

Purpose: We investigated whether or not intrasession or intersession fluctuations in intraocular pressure occur in healthy people using a noncontact tonometer. Materials and Methods: A noncontact tonometer was used to measure intraocular pressure in the bilateral eyes of healthy subjects for 5 consecutive days. Paired t-tests and one- and two-way repeated-measures analyses of variance were performed for the acquired data. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: Eighty eyes of 40 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. On day 1, intraocular pressure was significantly higher in the right eye than in the left eye (P = 0.014). The one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that intraocular pressure in the left eye was significantly lower on day 1 than on days 2 to 5 (P = 0.000– 0.018); however, there were no significant differences among intraocular pressures measured on days 1 to 5 in the right eye. The two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed no significant difference in intraocular pressure between the right and left eyes (P = 0.913). Conclusion: Although measurements using the noncontact tonometer were relatively stable, intraocular pressure was high on day 1.

Purpose: Intraocular pressure (IOP) measured using a noncontact tonometer is evaluated by performing multiple measurements because IOP is affected by the ocular pulse. We investigated the relationship between value fluctuations in multiple measurements during noncontact tonometer measurements and cardiac rate. Materials and Methods: Forty-two healthy subjects were included and IOP was measured using a noncontact tonometer. The measurement was performed three times each for the right eye and the left eye, for a total of six times. Blood pressure and cardiac rate were measured at the same time as the IOP measurement. Using repeated-measures analysis of variance, we examined whether the measured IOP and cardiac rate fluctuate throughout the day over the course of 4 days. Results: There was a fluctuation in the IOP in a sequence only on day 1 of the four measurement days (P < 0.001). The IOP on day 1 tended to be high for the first and second measurements (P = 0.0111– 0.0015). Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure did not fluctuate over the 4 days (P = 0.6247 and 0.7132), but cardiac rate was high only on day 1 (P = 0.0276). Conclusion: The IOP on day 1 tended to be high in the first and second measurements. The IOP measured on days 2– 4 did not fluctuate during the sequence of measurements. The cardiac rate measured at the same time as the IOP was high only on the first day.