The aims to investigate the impact of infusing truth-seeking and open-mindedness toward students’ dispositions and achievement. The study employed an educational design research approach, and a total of 20 in-service mathematics teachers from Indonesia were involved in the study. These participants were taught using two different treatments during a one-semester mathematical problem-solving course. In the first treatment, students were encouraged to assume that all provided information in the problems is correct; meanwhile, in the second treatment, students were encouraged to seek the truth and analyze the possible different point of view. Both treatments were employed alternately every week. The result of the study indicated after the infusion period that students tend to show critical thinking dispositions when they have to solve a mathematical problem, and their mathematics achievement also outperforms students who never informed truth-seeking and open-minded behaviors.

The trends of teaching mathematical thinking and the existence of two thinking skills (critical dan creative thinking) the required by 21st-century skills have created needs for teachers to know their students’ thinking processes. This study is intended to portray how mathematics teachers expect their students showing their thinking processes in students’ written work. The authors surveyed Whatsapp and Telegram group of mathematics teachers. First, the authors shared the result of the literature review and the governmental regulations about the need to develop thinking skills. Second, the authors stated that the potentials of students’ written works as a tool for knowing students’ thinking processes. Third, the authors sent a simple mathematical problem with the topic of algebra and asked the mathematics teachers how should their students answer that problem such that they can easily monitor and assess their students’ thinking processes. A total of 25 teachers participated voluntarily in this survey. Results of the survey were triangulated with direct trial data in lecture classes at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The result indicates that participating mathematics teachers do not expect too much for their students to show their thinking processes in written work. Teacher’s focus is mostly on the accuracy and the correctness of their students’ mathematics answer.

The Mathematics students who perform truth-seeking process upon solving mathematical problems were unique. Therefore, the study deems it necessary to know students’ mental structure and mechanism so that they can make the right decision by performing truth-seeking. However, no research has delved into the mental structures and mechanisms of Mathematics students, who tend to grapple with truth-seeking processes extensively. This study was explorative qualitative because the aims to describe the types of mental structure and mechanism of Mathematics students upon the truth-seeking process in solving mathematical problems. The research subjects are four Mathematics students at the University of Jember who perform truth-seeking and can communicate fluently when performing think-aloud. Their responses in the answer sheets drove the determination of research subjects' tendency in truth-seeking. Afterward, the results of think-aloud and task-based interview were put under analysis, so as to determine the types of mental structure and mechanism. The research findings have indicated that (1) all mental structures have been constructed by all research subjects and (2) two types of mental mechanism are evident among the subjects, including the process of interiorization coupled with coordination and another process encompassing interiorization, coordination, and reversal.

Most students of mathematics education do not have truth-seeking. Therefore, it is necessary to do a corrective action in learning mathematics that can accustom students to tend to behave truth-seeking. The aim is to describe changes of students after the application of knowledge that accustoms truth-seeking through infusion mathematics learning. The research subjects were 25 students who were not truth-seekers at the beginning but experienced a change in the behavior of truth-seeking after the application of infusion learning. The data were collected through tests, direct observations, and interviews. The finding was that students experienced changes in truth-seeking behavior after participating in infusion learning for 10 meetings. This change was a habit that participants always do in response to a given mathematical problem.

The present study aimed at describing the dispositions of students around a coffee plantation in solving algebraic problems, especially those pertaining to fraction and comparison. Critical thinking disposition denotes the initial milestone to developing students’ critical thinking skills. The study investigated four components of critical thinking dispositions, comprising of truth-seeking, open-mindedness, self-confidence, and inquisitiveness. The subjects under investigation were 45 students at the second grade of a junior high school situated around Garahan coffee plantation in Jember district, East Java, Indonesia. The study covered several phases, inter alia, (1) describing problems on Algebra to the students, (2) recording any activities of the research subjects when doing tasks given, (3) analyzing the students’ answer sheets based on four components of critical thinking dispositions, (4) conducting method triangulation projected to confirm the preliminary findings on the students critical thinking dispositions, and (5) determining the students’ critical thinking dispositions based on the results of direct observation, video recording, and interview. The study gained several findings related to the students’ dispositions. First, the students’ tendency in truth-seeking was characterized by their analysis on the problems given on themes regarding coffee. This prevented them from making mistakes as they checked some information, be it known or unknown, as the bases for problem solving. However, not every student was aware of what was unknown about the problem or what was required to solve the problem. Second, their tendency in open-mindedness was evinced by the fact that they were assured of their answer as they related it to their experience in planting coffee. Nevertheless, some students tended to ask their parent when they had to determine the amount of diameter comparison between two logs to be connected. Third, they tended to be confident in solving problems given as they had experienced the activities described in the problem when they assisted their parents in planting coffee, but still some students had yet to be sure of their answers as they lacked the experience in planting coffee. Lastly, they tended to possess sound inquisitiveness concerning various issues pertinent to solving algebraic problems, especially themed on coffee. They acquired the inquisitiveness by observing the actual activity in their environment. Nonetheless, their inquisitiveness could not be generalized to algebraic lessons at school.
The present study aimed at describing the dispositions of students around a coffee plantation in solving algebraic problems, especially those pertaining to fraction and comparison. Critical thinking disposition denotes the initial milestone to developing students’ critical thinking skills. The study investigated four components of critical thinking dispositions, comprising of truth-seeking, open-mindedness, self-confidence, and inquisitiveness. The subjects under investigation were 45 students at the second grade of a junior high school situated around Garahan coffee plantation in Jember district, East Java, Indonesia. The study covered several phases, inter alia, (1) describing problems on Algebra to the students, (2) recording any activities of the research subjects when doing tasks given, (3) analyzing the students’ answer sheets based on four components of critical thinking dispositions, (4) conducting method triangulation projected to confirm the preliminary findings on the students critical thinking dispositions, and (5) determining the students’ critical thinking dispositions based on the results of direct observation, video recording, and interview. The study gained several findings related to the students’ dispositions. First, the students’ tendency in truth-seeking was characterized by their analysis on the problems given on themes regarding coffee. This prevented them from making mistakes as they checked some information, be it known or unknown, as the bases for problem solving. However, not every student was aware of what was unknown about the problem or what was required to solve the problem. Second, their tendency in open-mindedness was evinced by the fact that they were assured of their answer as they related it to their experience in planting coffee. Nevertheless, some students tended to ask their parent when they had to determine the amount of diameter comparison between two logs to be connected. Third, they tended to be confident in solving problems given as they had experienced the activities described in the problem when they assisted their parents in planting coffee, but still some students had yet to be sure of their answers as they lacked the experience in planting coffee. Lastly, they tended to possess sound inquisitiveness concerning various issues pertinent to solving algebraic problems, especially themed on coffee. They acquired the inquisitiveness by observing the actual activity in their environment. Nonetheless, their inquisitiveness could not be generalized to algebraic lessons at school.

The aims of this study are (1) to describe the critical thinking processes of truth-seekers students in solving math problems with contradiction information based on the theory of mental mechanisms and structures, and (2) to find valid and effective learning models to improve the critical thinking processes of truth-seekers students. The subjects of this study were truth-seekers at SMPN 7 Jember. Data collection methods in this study were tests, observations, and interviews. The results of the research are that students who do truth-seeking in this study build mental mechanisms consisting of interiorization, coordination, and encapsulation and construct all mental structures, namely actions, processes, objects, and schemas. So, it can be concluded that the mental mechanism process of truth-seekers students in this study is not complete even though the mental structures have all been constructed in their minds. The model found to improve the critical thinking process based on the research findings is the infusion learning model by focusing on the habit of solving mathematical problems with contradiction information. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mendeskripsikan proses berpikir kritis siswa truth-seekers dalam menyelesaikan soal matematika dengan informasi yang kontradiksi berdasarkan teori mekanisme dan struktur mental, dan (2) menemukan model pembelajaran yang valid dan efektif untuk meningkatkan proses berpikir kritis siswa yang truth-seekers. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa yang truth-seekers di SMPN 7 Jember. Metode pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini adalah tes, observasi, dan wawancara. Hasil dari penelitian yaitu siswa yang melakukan truth-seeking dalam penelitian ini membangun mekanisme mental yang terdiri dari interiorisasi, koordinasi, dan enkapsulasi serta mengkonstruk seluruh struktur mental yaitu aksi, proses, objek, dan skema. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses mekanisme mental siswa truth-seekers dalam penelitian ini tidak lengkap walaupun struktur mentalnya telah dikonstruk semua dalam pikirannya. Model yang ditemukan untuk meningkatkan proses berpikir kritis berdasarkan temuan penelitian adalah model pembelajaran infusi dengan memfokuskan pada pembiasaan pemecahan masalah matematika dengan informasi yang kontadiksi.