Humankind's urbanization and luxuriousneed increase the number of vehicles day by day. Alongside the advancement of technologies, autonomous vehicles have now come into a greater existence. Due to the resource constraints for obtaining a high processing rate in performing the intelligent tasks, Vehicular Edge Computing (VEC) has been introduced. However, a delay occurs in transferring the information due to the traits of automotive tasks. In this paper, a Federated Learning empowered computation Offloading and Resource management (FLOR) is proposed, which offloads and manages the resources with low latency. The FLOR framework operates over heterogeneous networks that include Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication, Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), 5G millimeter-wave (5G-mmWave), and 6G Vehicle-to-Vehicle (6G-V2V) communication. FLOR employs the stochastic network calculus mechanism for computing the upper bound delay of the heterogeneous communication and obtains the probability of offloading mechanism. Upon the detected probability value, the FLOR offloads the computation task to the optimal network. Further, to avoid the increase in resource cost and utilize the available resources efficiently, an effective Radio Resource Management (e-RRM) based on Federated Q-Learning is proposed in FLOR, for allocating and using the available resources optimally. The simulation result shows that the proposed FLOR framework effectively offloads the computation between the available heterogeneous networks with optimal resource allocation by 20.69% than the existing solutions.

The development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) envisions the promising technology of future Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). However, the complex road structures and increased vehicles cause traffic congestion and road safety, which eventually leads to horrible accidents. Cooperative driving of AVs, a groundbreaking initiative of vehicle platooning, epitomizes the next wave in vehicular technology through minimizing accident risks, transport times, costs, energy, and fuel consumption. However, the traditional machine learning-based platooning approaches fail to regulate the policy with the dynamic feature of AVs. This paper proposes a hybrid Deep Reinforcement learning and Genetic algorithm for Smart-Platooning (DRG-SP) the AVs. The leverage of the deep reinforcement learning mechanism addresses the computational complexity and accommodates the high dynamic platoon environments. Adopting the Genetic Algorithm in Deep Reinforcement learning overcomes the slow convergence problem and offers long-term performance. The simulation results reveal that the Smart-Platooning effectively forms and maintains the platoons by minimizing traffic congestion and fuel consumption.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or drone, is an evolving technology in today's market with an enormous number of applications. Mini UAVs are developed in order to compensate the performance constraints imposed by larger UAVs during emergency situations. Multiple mini autonomous UAVs require communication and coordination for ubiquitous coverage and relaying during deployment. Multi-UAV coordination or swarm optimization is required for reliable connectivity among UAVs, due to its high mobility and dynamic topology. In this paper, a Secured UAV (S-UAV) model is proposed which takes the location of the UAVs as inputs to form a Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) among multiple drones with the help of a centralized controller. After WMN formation, efficient communication takes place using A* search, an intelligent algorithm that finds the shortest communication path among UAVs. Further, the S-UAV model utilizes cryptographic techniques such as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Blowfish to overcome the security attacks efficiently. Simulation results show that the S-UAV model offers higher throughput, reduced power consumption and guaranteed message transmission with reduced encryption and decryption time.

Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) enable various capabilities and functionalities like automated driving assistance, navigation and path planning, cruise control, independent decision making, and low-carbon transportation in the real-time environment. However, the increased CAVs usage renders the potential vulnerabilities in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) environment, making it susceptible to cyberattacks. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a technique to report network assaults by potential Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) without encryption and authorization procedures for internal and external vehicular communications. This paper proposes an Intelligent IDS (IIDS) to enhance intrusion detection and categorize malicious AVs using a modified Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with hyperparameter optimization approaches for IoV systems. The proposed IIDS framework works in a 5G Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) environment to effectively broadcast messages about malicious AVs. Thus IIDS aids in preventing collisions and chaos, enhancing safety monitoring in the traffic. The experimental results depict that the proposed IIDS achieves 98% accuracy in detecting attacks.

The massive increase in computing and network capabilities has resulted in a paradigm shift from vehicular networks to the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). Owing to the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of IoV, it requires efficient resource management using smart technologies, such as software-defined network (SDN), machine learning (ML), and so on. Roadside units (RSUs) in software-defined-IoV (SD-IoV) networks are responsible for network efficiency and offer several safety functions. However, it is not viable to deploy enough RSUs, and also the existing RSU placement lacks universal coverage within a region. Furthermore, any disruption in network performance or security impacts vehicular activities severely. Thus, this work aims to improve network efficiency through optimal RSU placement and enhance security with a malicious IoV detection algorithm in an SD-IoV network. Therefore, the memetic-based RSU (M-RSU) placement algorithm is proposed to reduce communication delay and increase the coverage area among IoV devices through an optimum RSU deployment. Besides the M-RSU algorithm, the work also proposes a distributed ML (DML)-based intrusion detection system (IDS) that prevents the SD-IoV network from disastrous security failures. The simulation results show that M-RSU placement reduces the transmission delay. The DML-based IDS detects the malicious IoV with an accuracy of 89.82% compared to traditional ML algorithms.

One of the most promising application area of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs). VANETs are largely used by Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to provide smart and safe road transport. To reduce the network burden, Software Defined Networks (SDNs) acts as a remote controller. Motivated by the need for greener IIoT solutions, this paper proposes an energy-efficient end-to-end security solution for Software Defined Vehicular Networks (SDVN). Besides SDN's flexible network management, network performance, and energy-efficient end-to-end security scheme plays a significant role in providing green IIoT services. Thus, the proposed SDVN provides lightweight end-to-end security. The end-to-end security objective is handled in two levels: i) In RSU-based Group Authentication (RGA) scheme, each vehicle in the RSU range receives a group id-key pair for secure communication and ii) In private-Collaborative Intrusion Detection System (p-CIDS), SDVN detects the potential intrusions inside the VANET architecture using collaborative learning that guarantees privacy through a fusion of differential privacy and homomorphic encryption schemes. The SDVN is simulated using NS2 & Matlab, and the simulation results provide higher energy efficiency through reduced end-to-end security communication cost and decentralized learning compared with other existing mechanisms. In addition, the p-CIDS detects the intruder with an accuracy of 96.81% in the SDVN.