Background: Urinary incontinence affects approximately 7% to 10% of children during the day and 9% to 12% of children during the night. Treatment mainly involves lifestyle advice and behavioral methods, but motivation and adherence are low. Traditional tools such as pen-and-paper solutions may feel outdated and no longer meet the needs of today’s “digital native” children. Meanwhile, digital interventions have already shown effectiveness in other pediatric health care areas. Objective: This scoping review aimed to identify and map innovative, technology-driven, digital tools for managing pediatric urinary incontinence. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched in March 2022 without date restrictions, complemented by cross-referencing. Studies were eligible if they focused on pediatric patients (aged ≤18 years) with bladder and bowel dysfunctions and explored noninvasive, technology-based interventions such as digital health, remote monitoring, and gamification. Studies on adults, invasive treatments, and conventional methods without tangible tools were excluded. Gray literature was considered, but non–English-language, inaccessible, or result-lacking articles were excluded. A formal critical appraisal was not conducted as the focus was on mapping existing tools rather than evaluating effectiveness. Data analysis combined descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis, categorizing tools through iterative coding and team discussions. Results: In total, 66 articles were included, with nearly one-third (21/66, 32%) focusing on nocturnal enuresis. Our analysis led to the identification of six main categories of tools: (1) digital self-management (7/66, 11%); (2) serious games (7/66, 11%); (3) reminder technology (6/66, 9%); (4) educational media (12/66, 18%), further divided into video (5/12, 42%) and other media (7/12, 58%); (5) telehealth and remote patient monitoring (13/66, 20%), with subcategories of communication (5/13, 38%) and technological advances (8/13, 62%); and (6) enuresis alarm innovations (21/66, 32%), further divided into novel configurations (8/21, 38%) and prevoid alarms (13/21, 62%). Conclusions: The field of pediatric urinary incontinence demonstrates a considerable level of innovation, as evidenced by the inclusion of 66 studies. Many tools identified in this review were described as promising and feasible alternatives to traditional methods. These tools were reported to enhance engagement, improve compliance, and increase patient satisfaction and preference while also having the potential to save time for health care providers. However, this review also identified gaps in research, highlighting the need for more rigorous research to better assess the tools’ effectiveness and address the complex, multifaceted challenges of pediatric urinary incontinence management. Limitations of this review include restricting the search to 3 databases, excluding non–English-language articles, the broad scope, and single-reviewer screening, although frequent team discussions ensured rigor. We propose that future tools should integrate connected, adaptive, and personalized approaches that align with stakeholder needs, guided by a multidisciplinary, human-centered framework combining both qualitative and quantitative insights.

Coupling is a key concept in the field of embodied interaction with digital products and systems, describing how digital phenomena relate to the physical world. In this paper, we present a Research through Design process in which the concept of coupling is explored and deepened. The use case that we employed to conduct our research is an industrial workplace proposed by Audi Brussels and Kuka. Our aim was to enrich this workplace with projection, or Spatial Augmented Reality, while focusing on operator interaction. We went through three successive design iterations, each of which resulted in a demonstrator. We present each of the three demonstrators, focusing on how they propelled our understanding of coupling. We establish a framework in which coupling between different events, be they physical or digital, emerges on four different aspects: time, location, direction, and expression. We bring the first three aspects together under one heading—coupling of meaning—and relate it to ease of use and pragmatic usability. We uncover the characteristics of the fourth aspect—coupling of expression—and link it to the psychological wellbeing of the operator in the workplace. We conclude this paper by highlighting its contribution to the embodied interaction research agenda.

This paper explores the use of physical scale models as immersive prototypes in the design and development of Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR) environments. SAR integrates digital projections with physical spaces, offering benefits for spatial reasoning and coordinated activities. However, designing SAR systems at full scale presents challenges in testing and refinement due to their complex physical–digital properties. To address this, we developed augmented miniature environments for two case studies: an in-store retail navigation system and a manufacturing assembly process. These models effectively materialized SAR’s most important experiential qualities at a manageable scale, enabling the exploration of spatial relationships, coordinated user activity, and system functionality in a tangible and accessible way. The miniatures facilitated collaborative design, providing a shared medium for stakeholders to visualize and experiment with SAR applications. This paper presents augmented miniatures as effective tools for SAR design that foster creative exploration and communication, and highlights opportunities for future research in combining these models with digital prototyping technologies.

Background: Standard urotherapy for childhood incontinence involves traditional tools like paper bladder diaries, timer watches, wetting alarms, and uroflowmeters. However, little is known about how these tools are experienced by today’s digitally native children. Objective: This study aimed to explore how children undergoing urotherapy perceive and experience these commonly used tools, with the goal of informing more engaging and child-centered design approaches. Methods: A qualitative focus group design was used with purposive sampling of children undergoing in-clinic urotherapy group training. In total, 19 participants (13 boys and 6 girls) aged 9-13 years took part in focus groups of 3 to 4 children, held at the hospital. A child-friendly focus group toolkit was used to facilitate discussion through creative and playful exercises. A total of 7 focus groups were conducted, including 2 repeated sessions, until thematic saturation was reached. All sessions were held in Dutch, video- and audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. An inductive conventional content analysis was conducted using a dual-coder approach to identify and iteratively refine emerging themes. Results: Four themes emerged: (1) attitudes and motivation: ranging from willingness to engage in urotherapy and use tools to reluctance or resistance; (2) social acceptance: highlighting the impact of peer perception, fear of being bullied, and opportunities to break the taboo and reframe tools as socially desirable; (3) contextual influences: including dissatisfaction with school toilets and limited child involvement at doctor visits, contrasted with the positive peer support experienced during group therapy; and (4) digital integration: children saw many traditional tools as outdated and suggested gamified, smart alternatives. The drawings created by children during the exercises served as a creative reflection of these thematic findings. Conclusions: Involving children in research and design is essential for creating interventions that are truly child-centered. Through creative, qualitative methods, this study uncovered rich insights into children’s experiences with urotherapy tools, pointing to 4 key design priorities: personalization, stigma-free design, adaptability, and digital innovation.