Knowledge about the genetic diversity of the available common bean germplasm can help breeders properly direct the choice of genetic material in the breeding process. The aim of the present work was to estimate the usefulness of 10 RAPD and 10 SCoT markers in genetic diversity detection among 33 common bean genotypes. Both molecular marker systems were able to generate high levels of polymorphism in the genetic material, which was supported by the relatively high polymorphic information content (PIC) values observed for the used markers. The Diversity Detection Index (DDI) and Marker Index (MI) were used to compare the effectiveness of RAPD and SCoT markers. For both techniques, high values of MI and DDI were calculated, representing their effectivity. The SCoT markers showed higher values of the parameters used (MI = 7.474, DI = 2.265) than the RAPD markers (MI = 5.323, DDI = 1.612), indicating their higher efficiency in the detection of molecular variability. Three constructed dendrograms and PCoA plots were created using RAPD and SCoT, and both methods combined confirmed sufficient separation of the bean genotypes from each other. At the same time, a higher efficiency of SCoT markers compared to RAPD markers in the detection of the genetic diversity of beans was also proven. The results may be of future interest in the choice of genetically distant material for breeding purposes.

The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability of 22 oat genotypes, of which 20 genotypes were common oats and 2 were naked oats, using 7 SCoT primers. Out of 40 fragments that were totally amplified, 26 were polymorphic, with an average number of 3.71 polymorphic fragments per genotype. The average percentage of polymorphism was 65.67%. The value of the polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.305 (SCoT12) to 0.674 (SCoT8), with an average value of 0.506. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, a dendrogram was constructed. The genotypes of oats were divided into two main groups. Two naked oats (Avena nuda L.), Czech genotype Izak and Slovak genotype Hronec, grouped side by side in subcluster Ia. The used SCoT markers showed the ability to identify and differentiate genotypes of the common and naked oats.

Fagopyrum represents an economically and nutritionally important crop which belongs to the group of pseudocereals. Buckwheat is referred to be a functional crop with a wide range of use around the world. Grains of buckwheat are nutritionally significant. They are characterised by a high content of starch, proteins, flavonoids and fibre. SCoT technique is used for the detection of plant genes polymorphism, for the evaluation of genetic diversity and for mapping the functional regions of the genome. The aim of the work was to perform molecular analyses of 21 genotypes of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench and 14 genotypes of Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn. using ten gene-targeted SCoT markers. The seedlings of buckwheat were used for DNA isolation and subsequently for the amplification of the DNA using a polymerase chain reaction. The number of amplified fragments ranged from 12 (SCoT 60, SCoT 13) to 27 (SCoT 12). The total number of fragments was 176 of which 162 were polymorphic with an average of polymorphic fragments 16.2. The percentage of polymorphism ranged from 58.33 % (SCoT 60) to 100 % (SCoT 12, SCoT 13, SCoT 29, SCoT 30) with an average of 90.29 %. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values characterize the polymorphism of used SCoT markers. The PIC values ranged from 0.578 (SCoT 60) to 0.932 (SCoT 36) with an average of 0.859. The genetic diversity of buckwheat was determined by hierarchical cluster analysis using the UPGMA algorithm in the created dendrogram. Genotypes of buckwheat were divided into two main clusters. Two genotypes of common buckwheat (Siva, Špačinska I) from Slovenia and the Slovak Republic, respectively, as well as another two tartary buckwheat genotypes (Tohno Zairai, Winsor Royal) from unknown regions, respectively, were genetically the closest. The PCoA plot confirmed the separation of tartary buckwheat from common buckwheat resulting in the constructed dendrogram According to our results, we can consider the SCoT technique appropriate for differentiation of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench and Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn. genotypes leading to genotype identification and utilization in the breeding process to improve the buckwheat genetic material.

Buckwheat is a pseudocereal from the Polygonaceae family. Two species from this family are commercially exploited – common buckwheat and tartary buckwheat. Buckwheat comes from China, although in recent years, the highest production has been noted in Russia. With its nutritional composition (mainly rutin), it has a beneficial effect on human health. Rutin is mainly contained in the flowers and leaves of buckwheat, and it has antidiabetic, neuroprotective and antioxidant properties; it improves blood pressure and lowers cholesterol levels. In addition to rutin, buckwheat contains bioactive peptides that serve as trypsin inhibitors and have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Buckwheat found its use mainly in the field of food and feed production. Amplification polymorphism detection techniques are currently used for the genomic analyses of buckwheat, with 8,884 available markers that include 756 loci. The most frequently used type of molecular markers in buckwheat is the microsatellite markers, which form tandem repeats of short nucleotide motifs. The total number of microsatellites in the tartary buckwheat genome is 37,572, with a frequency of 83.25 microsatellites per 1 Mb. Based on their genetic variability, the buckwheat varieties can be divided into the European and Asian groups, with a lower diversity among the varieties in the European group. Genomic analyses can reveal the genetic relatedness or differences between the individual varieties, as well as losses in genetic purity. The transcriptomic analyses are primarily devoted to the expression of genes responsible for the synthesis of flavonoids, but also those involved in the plant's defense mechanisms, development etc. Molecular analyses revealed that the expression of genes supporting the synthesis of rutin can be favorably influenced by light, darkness, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid etc. Some buckwheat genes were introduced into Arabidopsis, which subsequently showed improved properties, for example, resistance to drought. These findings not only enhance our understanding of buckwheat at a fundamental level but also hold practical significance for breeding programs focused on enhancing nutritional and agronomic traits in buckwheat varieties.

The number of people suffering from food allergies and intolerances has been increasing in recent years and cereal proteins are the most common food allergens. Pseudocereals represent perspective alternative in nutrition with a positive effect on the human body. The aim of the work was to analyze the proteome of selected varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and mass spectrometry in order to detect the presence of potentially allergenic proteins. Using the PDQuest program, 221 protein spots ranging from 4.13 to 9.89 µl with experimental molecular weights from 12.42 kDa to 140 kDa were quantified in 2DE gels of wheat. In the oat sample, 168 protein spots were quantified in the range pI of 4.02 to 9.93 and an experimental molecular weight of 14.81 kDa to 67.96 kDa. Buckwheat proteins were separated on a 2DE gel into 208 protein spots in the 3 to 9.83 pI region with an experimental molecular weight of 10.10 kDa to 115 kDa. By comparing the data with the Allergome database, allergens Tri and 26, Tri and 33, Tri and 36, Tri and alpha Gliadin, Tri and 20 were detected in wheat, Ave s 11S allergens in oats and Fag e 1 allergen in buckwheat. 2DE together with mass spectrometry have been shown to be suitable and sensitive methods for the detection of allergens in food crops.

The aim of the study was to analyze the proteome of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oat (Avena sativa) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) genotypes using immunochemical methods and to detect the presence of celiac active polypeptides. The results of ELISA confirmed a high gluten content in wheat (43,278.51 mg·kg⁻¹). The buckwheat varieties (average 2.03 mg·kg⁻¹) fulfill the criteria for labeling as gluten-free food. The results confirm the oat varietal dependence on the content of allergenic proteins. The Western blot analysis revealed the strongest reactions of the polyclonal antibody with wheat proteins of 25 kDa to 50 kDa and with oat proteins of 20 kDa and 40–55 kDa. No signal was detected in buckwheat, which was confirmed by ELISA results. Buckwheat can be recommended as a safe crop for the preparation of gluten-free foods.