As a high-quality building material exhibiting excellent toughness and durability, ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) is increasingly being used in the construction industry and as building reinforcement. During the reinforcement of existing concrete structures with UHPC, their interface is the weakest part of a structure. Interface bonding ensures the operation of two types of materials together. However, existing studies rarely report the bonding of the UHPC–normal concrete (NC) interface. Herein, the existing test methods and interface bonding mechanisms are summarized. Subsequently, the differences among relevant design codes are investigated by comparing different theoretical formulas. Important influencing factors of the reinforcement method, namely, interface roughness, fiber type and content, interface agent type and content, moisture content, existing concrete strength, cementitious material content, curing conditions, freeze–thaw cycles, and chloride ions, are also considered. Further, the enhancement mechanism of the characteristics of the UHPC–NC interface is clearly described. Finally, the shortcomings and application prospects of the interfacial bonding properties are highlighted.

Due to its high retention capacity and well durability, fly ash-based geopolymers rich of zeolites are considered to be potential solidified materials for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste stream. This study mainly focused on the phase transformation, pore structure, and leaching characteristic of Sr²⁺ and Cs⁺ in solidified fly ash/cement matrices under different sodium hydroxide contents or sodium nitrate concentrations after thermal curing of 28d. The results obtained from the experiments indicated that the geopolymers prepared from pure fly ash had the potential to transform into ordered structures at high temperatures of 90°C instead of room temperature, such as Na-P1 zeolite and chabazite. With the increase in sodium hydroxide contents, more sodium nitrate participated in the reaction to form a zeolite phase in solidified fly ash/cement matrices, while the coexistence phenomenon of chabazite and Na-P1 zeolite appeared under the condition of high sodium hydroxide contents of more than 5. Just a proper number of zeolites can effectively inhibit the leaching of radionuclides Sr²⁺, as too many zeolites would lead to the increase in porosity, which was harmful to the retention of radionuclides. Solidified fly ash/cement matrices at a sodium hydroxide content of 5 or at a sodium nitrate concentration of 300g/L obtained the lowest cumulative leaching fraction of Sr²⁺. Moreover, sodium hydroxide increased the cumulative leaching fraction of Cs⁺ which reversely decreased significantly with the increase in sodium nitrate concentrations.

The operation of nuclear power plants generates a large amount of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste liquid. Zeolite-rich geopolymers, which are synthesized under hydrothermal conditions from industrial waste fly ash, can effectively immobilize radioactive nuclides. In this study, the synthesis law of zeolite-rich geopolymers and the adsorption/desorption performances of radioactive nuclide Cs⁺ were researched using XRD, SEM and ICP. The results show that the increase in curing temperatures and NaOH concentrations leads to the transformation of Y-type zeolite to chabazite and cancrinite at low NaNO₃ concentrations. However, at high NaNO₃ concentrations, NaOH above 2 M has no obvious effect on the phase transformation of the main zeolite of chabazite and cancrinite. In the adsorption and desorption experiment of Cs⁺ on the chabazite/garronite-rich geopolymer, it was found that the adsorption of Cs⁺ in the low initial concentration range is more suitable for the Freundlich equation, while the Langmuir equation fits in the adsorption process at the high initial concentration range. Moreover, the desorption kinetics of Cs⁺ are in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order rate equation. Thus, the adsorption of Cs⁺ on chabazite/garronite-rich geopolymers is controlled by both physical and chemical reactions, while desorption is a chemical process.