Escalating energy prices have positioned households as pivotal agents in advancing demand-side energy efficiency. This study examines three complementary energy-saving strategies among Polish households: (1) habitual, low-cost actions such as switching off unnecessary lighting; (2) capital-intensive investments, including LED lighting and energy-efficient appliances; and (3) time-based and prosumptive strategies linked to dynamic tariffs and photovoltaic systems. The empirical analysis is based on a nationwide survey conducted using the Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing method, involving 401 respondents. The study’s contribution lies in integrating these strategies within a single analytical model and providing the first empirical evidence on their socio-demographic determinants in Central and Eastern Europe, with Poland as a representative case. The results show that older individuals more often adopt everyday habitual practices, whereas higher income and education levels are associated with investment-oriented behaviours. Urban households tend to favour technological solutions, while rural households more frequently adopt time-of-use tariffs and PV systems. Two complementary pathways are identified: a behavioural–habitual path and an investment–technological path. The findings offer guidance for public policy by showing that energy savings increase when financial incentives are combined with clear communication and low-effort decision tools that help households optimise energy use regardless of demographic profile.

Objectives: The article focuses on the analysis and evaluation of changes in tenant behavior and expecta-tions, in the rental market during constraints on the operation of, among others, institutions, businesses, and schools, during the pandemic. The behavior of young people, who, by defini-tion, base their housing needs more heavily on rent, was analyzed. The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors that affect the use of rent by young people in the Lower Silesian province during the pandemic. This research paper attempted to answer in what direction these changes have gone. In the process of designing the study, research hypotheses were formulated. Based on statistical analysis, it was assumed that the key factor that affects long-term rent use is lack of creditworthinessMaterial and methods: The survey conducted focused on young people. An author's survey questionnaire was used. The questionnaire titled Rental Market Preferences addressed to tenants using rental housing in the Lower Silesian province during the study contained nine closed questions. This article focuses on the evaluation of the behavior of young people on the housing market during the pandemic period.Results: The methodology used allowed us to verify the relationship between the number of rooms rented and the rental risk factors, thus confirming the validity of the research hypothesis.Conclusions: Factors influencing long-term rental use include changes in personal circumstances and lack of creditworthiness. During the pandemic period, the number of divorces in Poland increased from 13.4 per 10,000 people in 2020 to 15.9 in 2022. The research was carried out in the cities of the Lower Silesian province, which is mainly populated by young people living away from the family home, unable to nest with their parents after the breakup of a relationship.

During the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, energy prices are rising. Such a situation would suggest high customer turnover, especially since the environment has a strong influence on population behaviour at the individual level. The purpose of this paper is to model the barriers and preferences of individual customers in switching energy suppliers according to the level of satisfaction in a dynamically changing environment. We statistically designed the study using Eta index calculations, test: KruskalWallis, post hoc Dunn’s test with Bonferroni correction. Two models were obtained: barriers and preferences for changing energy retailers among residential customers, depending on the level of satisfaction in a dynamically changing environment. We demonstrated the relationship between barriers to switching energy vendors and customer satisfaction levels. We investigated whether the level of satisfaction influences energy seller switching preferences among customers. We demonstrated the relationship between barriers to switching energy vendors and individual customer preferences and satisfaction levels

This article examines household energy demand, prices, and changes in energy-carrier mixes in Central and Eastern Europe during 2013–2023. Structural comparisons use a balanced 15-country panel; demand models use a balanced 12-country panel and energy consumption per private household calculated using annual Eurostat counts of private households. The proportional HDD adjustment is a sensitivity measure, not a validated end-use weather normalization. Country and year fixed-effects models are assessed with alternative specifications, household-series break controls, standardized magnitudes, and wild-cluster-bootstrap inference. Between 2013 and 2023, raw energy use per household decreases by 13.4% in Group A (seven countries) and 3.9% in the Group B demand subsample (five countries), whereas the HDD proxies do not decline. The joint climate-interaction test does not establish group differences in unadjusted energy use per household. The models do not establish the expected positive CDD associations with either electricity use per household or its energy-carrier share in Group B; nonsignificance does not establish the absence of a relationship. Associations with prices and annual generation-share levels are sample-, classification-, and specification-sensitive. Fixed-country structural checks, including an exchange of Hungary and Slovenia between groups, qualify convergence claims. Under the baseline grouping, Slovenia and Albania have Florence indices above their respective group means in all eleven years; this is descriptive evidence. Paired country-level comparisons do not establish higher mean annual carrier turnover in 2021–2023 than in 2014–2020. Price levels and annual changes document a heterogeneous shock; a rise in volatility is not formally tested. Affordability, comfort, and changes in resilience are not directly measured; the generation-share regressions do not determine whether renewables improve resilience. The framework informs policy appraisal without identifying household mechanisms or intervention effects.