The European Union’s Just Transition Mechanism (JTM) is a public investment instrument aimed at supporting territorially differentiated pathways toward climate neutrality. The study aims to analyse territorial disparities in the implementation of the European Union’s JTM and to interpret these differences through the framework of multi-level public investment management. The study examines key dimensions of implementation, including territorial disparities, differences in instrument uptake, and temporal relationships between commitments and socio-economic outcomes. Methodologically, the research employs a comparative analytical approach based on the analysis of secondary EU data and programme sources. The empirical analysis focuses on NUTS3 transition regions under Territorial Just Transition Plans. The results indicate substantial cross-country variation in the territorial coverage of the mechanism and in the mobilisation of its three financial pillars. The implementation structure remains strongly dominated by grant-based financing, while the uptake of non-grant instruments remains uneven and relatively limited. The analysis also identifies time lags between commitments, payments, and socio-economic indicators. By linking public investment management with sustainability transitions and territorial resilience perspectives, the study contributes to understanding how sustainability objectives are translated into territorially embedded investment practices within the EU.

Objectives: The article focuses on the analysis and evaluation of changes in tenant behavior and expecta-tions, in the rental market during constraints on the operation of, among others, institutions, businesses, and schools, during the pandemic. The behavior of young people, who, by defini-tion, base their housing needs more heavily on rent, was analyzed. The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors that affect the use of rent by young people in the Lower Silesian province during the pandemic. This research paper attempted to answer in what direction these changes have gone. In the process of designing the study, research hypotheses were formulated. Based on statistical analysis, it was assumed that the key factor that affects long-term rent use is lack of creditworthinessMaterial and methods: The survey conducted focused on young people. An author's survey questionnaire was used. The questionnaire titled Rental Market Preferences addressed to tenants using rental housing in the Lower Silesian province during the study contained nine closed questions. This article focuses on the evaluation of the behavior of young people on the housing market during the pandemic period.Results: The methodology used allowed us to verify the relationship between the number of rooms rented and the rental risk factors, thus confirming the validity of the research hypothesis.Conclusions: Factors influencing long-term rental use include changes in personal circumstances and lack of creditworthiness. During the pandemic period, the number of divorces in Poland increased from 13.4 per 10,000 people in 2020 to 15.9 in 2022. The research was carried out in the cities of the Lower Silesian province, which is mainly populated by young people living away from the family home, unable to nest with their parents after the breakup of a relationship.

The aim of the article is to analyze the current state and prospects for the development of cashless payments in Poland. The study uses empirical data, in particular statistics from the National Bank of Poland, to identify trends and estimate forecasts for selected indicators illustrating the dynamics of non-cash transactions. As part of the analysis, trends and forecasts for 2020-2022 were estimated for the following variables: the number of debit and credit cards in circulation on a quarterly basis (1999-2019), divided into two sub-periods: up to 2009 and from 2010 onward, the value of transactions carried out with payment cards (1999-2019), including a forecast up to 2022, the value of ATM withdrawals in Poland (2004-2019) and abroad (2004-2019), including forecasts for 2020-2022. The application of econometric tools in the analysis makes it possible to highlight a research gap in the field of quantitative modeling of processes related to the development of cashless payments — an area still insufficiently explored in the literature. The results confirm the dynamic and systematic growth of cashless payments in Poland, accompanied by a simultaneous decline in the dynamics of cash transactions. The analysis is based on the estimation of trends and forecasts for selected indicators for 2020-2022, which enables a comparison of model predictions with currently available empirical data. This, in turn, allows for the verification of forecasting assumptions and the assessment of the pace of development of cashless payments in Poland. The article serves as a starting point for further research on the development of non-cash payments in Poland, especially in the context of applying quantitative methods that support trend identification and forecast formulation. Thanks to the availability of actual statistical data for the years 2020-2022, it is now possible to empirically verify the validity of assumptions and the accuracy of forecasting models, which significantly enhances the cognitive value of the conducted analyses. The article analyzes the current state and prospects of cashless payments in Poland using empirical data, particularly statistics from the National Bank of Poland. The study identifies trends and produces forecasts for 2020-2022 across several indicators: the number of debit and credit cards in circulation (1999-2019), the value of card transactions (1999-2019, with projections to 2022), and ATM withdrawals in Poland and abroad (2004-2019, with forecasts to 2022). By applying econometric methods, the research highlights a gap in quantitative modeling of processes related to cashless payments, a field still underexplored in the literature. The findings confirm dynamic growth in non-cash transactions alongside a decline in cash-based operations. Comparing model predictions with observed data for 2020–2022 allows for the verification of assumptions and the assessment of Poland’s payment trends. The study serves as a foundation for further research, particularly in advancing quantitative approaches to forecasting cashless payment development.

Celem artykułu jest ocena zróżnicowania efektywności gospodarowania mieszkaniowym zasobem komunalnym w polskich gminach oraz wyodrębnienie typów jednostek (według poziomu pustostanów i tempa zaspokajania popytu). Badanie oparto na danych panelowych z Banku Danych Lokalnych Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego dla 2477 gmin w latach 2022-2023, analizowanych z wykorzystaniem metod statystycznych i eksploracyjnych analizy danych. Badanie pokazuje, że skuteczne zarządzanie gminnym zasobem mieszkaniowym wymaga ujęcia wielowymiarowego, łączącego analizę zmian ilościowych i strukturalnych z oceną jakości procesów operacyjnych. Wyniki analizy wskazują, że kluczowe są zarówno dynamika wielkości i struktury zasobu oraz kolejek oczekujących (silnie zróżnicowane między gminami), jak i regionalne różnice w luce mieszkaniowej powiązane z koniunkturą rynkową.

This article examines household energy demand, prices, and changes in energy-carrier mixes in Central and Eastern Europe during 2013–2023. Structural comparisons use a balanced 15-country panel; demand models use a balanced 12-country panel and energy consumption per private household calculated using annual Eurostat counts of private households. The proportional HDD adjustment is a sensitivity measure, not a validated end-use weather normalization. Country and year fixed-effects models are assessed with alternative specifications, household-series break controls, standardized magnitudes, and wild-cluster-bootstrap inference. Between 2013 and 2023, raw energy use per household decreases by 13.4% in Group A (seven countries) and 3.9% in the Group B demand subsample (five countries), whereas the HDD proxies do not decline. The joint climate-interaction test does not establish group differences in unadjusted energy use per household. The models do not establish the expected positive CDD associations with either electricity use per household or its energy-carrier share in Group B; nonsignificance does not establish the absence of a relationship. Associations with prices and annual generation-share levels are sample-, classification-, and specification-sensitive. Fixed-country structural checks, including an exchange of Hungary and Slovenia between groups, qualify convergence claims. Under the baseline grouping, Slovenia and Albania have Florence indices above their respective group means in all eleven years; this is descriptive evidence. Paired country-level comparisons do not establish higher mean annual carrier turnover in 2021–2023 than in 2014–2020. Price levels and annual changes document a heterogeneous shock; a rise in volatility is not formally tested. Affordability, comfort, and changes in resilience are not directly measured; the generation-share regressions do not determine whether renewables improve resilience. The framework informs policy appraisal without identifying household mechanisms or intervention effects.