Background: F-18 FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose) PET/CT procedures are one of the most growing studies used for patient management in oncology, cardiology, neurology, and other indications, in which the challenges meet both patients and clinicians, especially when we are looking for the presence/absence of disease progression and cure. This study was conducted to assess the external radiation dose after 18FDG-PET/CT examination. In total, 117 patients were enrolled in the study. Radiation exposure was measured using a calibrated RadEye SPRD-ER personal radiation detector. The measurements were taken at 0, 30, 100, 150, and 200 cm distance from the patient. The time of measurement was immediately post-injection, 30 min, 60 min after injection, and at the time of releasing the patient. Results: The result showed that the mean radiation equivalent dose rate at 0 min/0 cm was 414 µSv/h, at 30 min/30 cm was 99.7 µSv/h, and 60 min/100 cm was 18.3 µSv/h. The radiation doses at different distances (0, 30, 100, 150, and 200 cm) were 160.9 µSv/h, 70.9 µSv/h, 12.4 µSv/h, 7 µSv/h, and 3.7 µSv/h, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, the patient can be safely released after 2 h of injection in (18F-FDG) PET/CT and the radiation dose can be limited by increasing distance from the radiation source and also instructing them to drink much more water to enhance the process of excretions. The dose rates are low in this study; if the staff interact with multiple patients, they will not approach exposure limits. Similarly, dose rates are so low at patient release that family will not receive doses above regulatory limits.

: Lung Ultrasound (LUS) has evolved considerably over the last few years. The aim of the current review is to conduct a systematic review reported from a number of studies to show the usefulness of (LUS) and point of care ultrasound for diagnosing COVID-19. A systematic search of electronic data was conducted, including the national library of medicine, and the national institute of medicine, PubMed Central (PMC), to identify the articles published on (LUS) to monitor COVID-19. This review highlights the ultrasound findings reported in articles before the occurrence of the pandemic (11), clinical articles before COVID-19 (14), review studies during the pandemic (27), clinical cases during the pandemic (5) and other varying aims articles. The reviewed studies revealed that ultrasound findings can be used to help in the detection and staging of the disease. The common patterns observed included irregular and thickened A-lines, multiple B-lines ranging from focal to diffuse interstitial consolidation, and pleural effusion. Sub-plural consolidation is found to be associated with the progression of the disease and its complications. Pneumothorax was not recorded for COVID-19 patients. Further improvement in the diagnostic performance of (LUS) for COVID-19 patients can be achieved by using elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and power Doppler imaging.

Background: The parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, as well as the smaller subsidiary glands, are all the examples of the salivary glands. The likelihood of the salivary glands being impacted by snuff components increases due to this close proximity of the salivary glands to the mouth when snuff is used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary glands of the Sudanese snuff-dippers. Methods: Sixty-five adult snuff-dippers (research group) and 36 adult nonusers (control group) were enrolled in the study. Sonography of the submandibular and parotid glands was performed; size, blood flow, echogenicity, echotexture, and any other pathological changes were evaluated. The study was conducted in the ultrasound unit at our institution from June 2021 to June 2022. Results: The result of the study showed that the average size of the left submandibular gland and left and right parotid glands of snuff-dippers was significantly greater than the average size of nonusers. Blood supply and tissue characteristics were normal. Conclusion: The study concluded that the snuff use could affect the parotid and submandibular glands; ultrasonography is a modality of choice in the examination of the salivary glands of snuff users and other tobacco users.

Purpose: The review effort throughout the states was needed by the major concern of increased risk of cancer due to radiation exposure in patients during routine X-ray. This study aims to assess the patient entrance surface dosage during X-ray examinations of the skull and thoraco-lumbar spine. Materials and methods: Using a CALDOSE software tool, the dosage received by 146 individuals was assessed based on many technical criteria, including the source-to-image receptor distance, photon quantity by mill ampere second, and photon energy by kilo volt peak. Results: The average entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) is 0.52 for the skull and 0.77 for the thoracic spine. The typical value of the incident air kerma (INAK) is 0.47 for the skull and 0.58 for the thoracic lumbar region. Conclusions: ESAK and INAK are quite effective for comparing the thoracic spine to the cranium. ESAK and INAK can offer data on dosage reduction that should be utilized in the optimization of skull and thoraco-lumbar X-ray examinations.

Purpose: The study aims to evaluate precisely influence of temperature on the acoustical and physical properties of blood mimicking fluid (BMF) phantom made of polymer material. Materials & methods: Propylene glycol (PG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were fabricated to create artificial blood phantom. Acoustic (speed and attenuation) and physical properties (density and viscosity) of BMF were tested at specific temperatures of range 22 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C, 36 °C, and 37 °C using ultrasound signals. Results: At center frequency of 5 MHz, pulse-echo allows to acoustical (speed and attenuation) and physical (density and viscosity) values to be linearly decreased with increasing of temperature. The difference in values of speed, attenuation, density, and viscosity was nuance (±0.01, ±0.001, ±0.005, and ±0.151), respectively. Conclusions: Temperature test of range 22Co-37Co have nuance influence (±0.01, ±0.001, ±0.005, and ±0.151) on acoustical and physical properties when BMF phantom of special material of PG and PEG was used. This nuance influence may be taken in account in quality assurance of ultrasound imaging system.