Pesticides play an essential role in modern agriculture, yet increasing evidence links their widespread use to neurotoxic effects that contribute to both neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. In recent years, new classes of pesticides such as neonicotinoids and pyrethroids have garnered attention due to their potential to disrupt neurodevelopment, even at low exposure levels. Furthermore, emerging evidence underscores the involvement of the gut–brain axis, neuroinflammation, and epigenetic modulation in pesticide-induced neuropathology. This review aims to synthesize these latest advancements while highlighting underexplored mechanisms, thereby offering a comprehensive and current perspective on pesticide-related neurotoxicity. Data from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) indicate that several food products include residues of pesticides recognized for their neurotoxic properties. Although environmental exposure levels are lower than those in occupational contexts, the magnitude and persistence of food-based exposure demand thorough evaluation. This review integrates evidence coming from epidemiological, in vivo and in vitro investigations, emphasizing the correlations between pesticide exposure and conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cognitive deficits in children. Neurodevelopmental toxicity is especially alarming since symptoms may manifest subtly and with a delayed onset after early-life exposure, indicating the significant neurotoxic potential of pesticide residues and emphasizing the need for their careful evaluation in food safety assessments. Improved regulatory procedures and public health efforts are essential to reducing long-term brain damage.

Atrial fibrillation, the most frequent arrhythmia in clinical practice and chronic coronary syndrome, is one of the forms of coronary ischemia to have a strong dual relationship. Atrial fibrillation may accelerate atherosclerosis and may increase oxygen consumption in the myocardium, creating a mismatch between supply and demand, thus promoting the development or worsening of coronary ischemia. Chronic coronary syndrome alters the structure and function of gap junction proteins, affecting the conduction of action potential and leading to ischemic necrosis of cardiomyocytes and their replacement with fibrous tissue, in this way sustaining the focal ectopic activity in atrial myocardium. They have many risk factors in common, such as hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. It is vital for the prognosis of patients to break this vicious circle by controlling risk factors, drug therapies, of which antithrombotic therapy may sometimes be challenging in terms of prothrombotic and bleeding risk, and interventional therapies (revascularization and catheter ablation).

Given the continuous changes in the world, with an increasing trend of unhealthy lifestyles, metabolic comorbidities, and increased susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), researchers change their attention to improve not only the therapeutic platform but also current CVD predictive and prognostic tools to improve disease outcomes. As CVD is characterized by an inflammatory paradigm involving, to some degree, the innate and adaptative immune systems, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) emerged as a potential low-cost, rapidly available, and reliable inflammatory marker, with substantial recent evidence showing its potential utility in clinical practice. Thus, in this literature review, we will present an up-to-date discussion of the prognostic role of NLR in the most frequent CVDs, such as acute and chronic coronary disease, atherosclerotic disease, heart failure, cardiac valvopathies, and cardiac arrhythmias with predilection to atrial fibrillation.

The increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is essential for moving towards a healthier and more sustainable diet. Vegetarian diets are gaining in popularity due to their environmental and health implications; however, there is a need for additional research investigating pesticide residues in these foods. It is increasingly recognized that the global food system must prioritize nutritional quality, health, and environmental impact over quantity. Food contaminants, including pesticides, mycotoxins, and heavy metals, pose a substantial threat to food safety due to their persistent nature and harmful effects. We conducted a literature search utilizing four distinct databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, NIH, ScienceDirect) and several combinations of keywords (pesticides, food, vegetarian diet, toxicity, sustainable, removal). Consequently, we selected recent and relevant studies for the proposed topic. We have incorporated articles that discuss pesticide residues in food items, particularly in plant-based products. This study rigorously analyzes the harmful environmental impacts of pesticides and ultimately provides sustainable solutions for their elimination or reduction, along with environmentally sound alternatives to pesticide use. This study concludes that the transition towards sustainable agriculture and food production is essential for reducing pesticide residues in food, thereby protecting human health, wildlife populations, and the environment. This paper argues for the urgent need to transform global food systems to prioritize health and sustainability.

The increasing use of pesticides in agricultural products raises concerns over food safety. Furthermore, uncontrolled pesticide usage on food products can lead to residual levels that exceed the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and are potentially harmful to human health. Long-term consumption of food contaminated with pesticides can contribute to the buildup of toxic substances in the body, which has negative health effects. Advanced analytical techniques are essential to ensure the accurate and effective monitoring of pesticide residues. To ensure adherence to legal requirements, it is essential to employ rapid and accurate methods for detecting these contaminants. This review outlines current advancements (2020–2025) in the assessment of pesticide residues in diverse food matrices, including sample preparation procedures and detection methods. This review provides a standardized comparative analysis of analytical methods for detecting pesticide residues, emphasizing their advantages and limitations, sensitivity, costs, and applicability to complex food matrices, while evaluating its findings through the One Health approach, linking residue evaluation to cumulative exposure and regulatory standards. This study provides practical guidelines for laboratories and regulators while delineating research requirements for more environmentally friendly, rapid, and sensitive residue analysis in accordance with One Health-oriented risk assessment.

Landiolol is an ultra-short-acting, selective β1-adrenergic receptor blocker that was originally approved in Japan for the treatment of intraoperative tachyarrhythmias. It has gained attention for its use in the management of tachyarrhythmias and perioperative tachycardia, especially atrial fibrillation for both cardiac and non-cardiac surgeries. It can be the ideal agent for heart rate control due to its high β1-selectivity, potent negative chronotropic effect, a limited negative inotropic potential, and an ultrashort elimination half-life (around 4 min); moreover, it may have a potential therapeutic effects for sepsis and pediatric patients. Landiolol seems to be superior to other short-acting and selective beta-blockers such as esmolol. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of landiolol, a new ultra-short-acting β1 selective antagonist, including its pharmacology, clinical applications, efficacy, safety profile, and future directions in research and clinical data.