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Prof. Mingshun Zhang
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0 Energy Performance Contracting
0 Environmental Policy
0 Sustainability
0 Water Policy
0 climate adaptation

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Retraction
Published: 26 May 2021 in Sustainability
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The journal retracts the 28 May 2019 article, cited above

ACS Style

Meine van Dijk; Mingshun Zhang. Retraction: Van Dijk, M.P.; Zhang, M. Urban Water Management Paradigms in Chinese Cities. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3001. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5992 .

AMA Style

Meine van Dijk, Mingshun Zhang. Retraction: Van Dijk, M.P.; Zhang, M. Urban Water Management Paradigms in Chinese Cities. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3001. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):5992.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meine van Dijk; Mingshun Zhang. 2021. "Retraction: Van Dijk, M.P.; Zhang, M. Urban Water Management Paradigms in Chinese Cities. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3001." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 5992.

Journal article
Published: 22 November 2020 in Sustainability
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Building an urban resilience index results in developing an increasingly popular tool for monitoring progress towards climate-proof cities. This paper develops an urban resilience index in the context of urban China, which helps planners and policy-makers at city level to identify whether urban development is leading to more resilience. The urban resilience index (URI) suggested in this research uses data on 24 indicators distributed over six URI component indices. While no measure of such a complex phenomenon can be perfect, the URI proved to be effective, useful and robust. Our findings show that the URI ensures access to integrated information on urban resilience to climate change. It allows comparisons of cities in a systematic and quantitative way, and enables identification of strong and weak points related to urban resilience. The URI provides tangible measures of not only overall measures of urban resilience to climate change, but also urban resilience components and related indicators. Therefore, it could meet a wide range of policy and research needs. URI is a helpful tool for urban decision-makers and urban planners to quantify goals, measure progress, benchmark performance, and identify priorities for achieving high urban resilience to climate change.

ACS Style

Mingshun Zhang; Yaguang Yang; Huanhuan Li; Meine Van Dijk. Measuring Urban Resilience to Climate Change in Three Chinese Cities. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9735 .

AMA Style

Mingshun Zhang, Yaguang Yang, Huanhuan Li, Meine Van Dijk. Measuring Urban Resilience to Climate Change in Three Chinese Cities. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9735.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mingshun Zhang; Yaguang Yang; Huanhuan Li; Meine Van Dijk. 2020. "Measuring Urban Resilience to Climate Change in Three Chinese Cities." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9735.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2020 in Utilities Policy
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The research was to gain insight into the characteristics, driving forces and barriers, specifications, and other issues of water conservation outsourcing contracts (OSCs) in China. Our analysis is based on information obtained from a pre-coded questionnaire, an assessment of OSC documents, and project on-site visits and interviews. The result shows that both parties of the OSCs lack knowledge and experience in preparing contracts. All eight contract documents are underspecified, which is the key reason for the existing disputes found in all OSCs studied. Recommendations are provided by this research to improve China's OSCs in the future.

ACS Style

Mingshun Zhang; Miao Zhang; Hui Zhao; Meine Pieter van Dijk. Managing water demand by contract: a survey of conservation outsourcing in China. Utilities Policy 2020, 67, 101128 .

AMA Style

Mingshun Zhang, Miao Zhang, Hui Zhao, Meine Pieter van Dijk. Managing water demand by contract: a survey of conservation outsourcing in China. Utilities Policy. 2020; 67 ():101128.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mingshun Zhang; Miao Zhang; Hui Zhao; Meine Pieter van Dijk. 2020. "Managing water demand by contract: a survey of conservation outsourcing in China." Utilities Policy 67, no. : 101128.

Journal article
Published: 11 November 2019 in Energies
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China’s regular energy statistics does not include the building sector, and data on building energy demand is included in other types of energy consumption in the Energy Balance Sheet (EBS). Therefore data on building energy demand is not collected based on statistics, but rather calculated or estimated by various approaches in China. This study aims at developing and testing China’s building energy statistics by applying an adapted EBS. The advantage of the adapted EBS is that statistical data is from the regular statistical system and no additional statistical efforts are needed. The research result shows that the adapted EBS can be included in China regular energy statistical system and can be standardized in a transparent way. Testing of the adapted EBS shows that China’s building energy demand has shown an annual increase of 7.6% since 2001, and a lower contribution to the total energy demand as compared to the developed world. There is also a close link to lifestyle and living standard while industrial energy demand is mainly driven by economy and decoupling of building energy demand with increasing of building floor area, this is due to a considerable improvement of building energy efficiency. The adapted EBS creates a method for China conducting statistics of building energy consumption at the sector level in a uniform way and serves as the basis for any sound building energy efficiency policy decisions.

ACS Style

Mingshun Zhang; Xuan Ge; Ya Zhao; Chun Xia-Bauer. Creating Statistics for China’s Building Energy Consumption Using an Adapted Energy Balance Sheet. Energies 2019, 12, 4293 .

AMA Style

Mingshun Zhang, Xuan Ge, Ya Zhao, Chun Xia-Bauer. Creating Statistics for China’s Building Energy Consumption Using an Adapted Energy Balance Sheet. Energies. 2019; 12 (22):4293.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mingshun Zhang; Xuan Ge; Ya Zhao; Chun Xia-Bauer. 2019. "Creating Statistics for China’s Building Energy Consumption Using an Adapted Energy Balance Sheet." Energies 12, no. 22: 4293.

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2019 in PeerJ
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This study is responding to the recommendation made by IPCC’s fifth Assessment Report on establishing a standard for measuring and reporting climate risk and vulnerability. It exemplifies the assessment of urban vulnerability to climate change by an integrated approach. The results indicate that Beijing is highly exposed to multiple climate threats in the context of global climate change, specifically urban heat waves, urban drainage floods and drought. Vulnerabilities to the climatic threats of heat waves, drainage floods and droughts have increased by 5%–15% during the period of 2008–2016 in Beijing. High vulnerabilities to both heat waves and drainage floods have been observed in the urban downtown area and high vulnerability to droughts have been observed in the outskirts. This vulnerability assessment, which addressed climatic threats, provides a holistic understanding of the susceptibility to climate change that could facilitate adaptation to climate change in the future. The developments of threats like flooding, heat waves and droughts are analyzed separately for 16 districts and an integrated vulnerability index for all of Beijing is provided as well.

ACS Style

Mingshun Zhang; Zelu Liu; Meine Pieter Van Dijk. Measuring urban vulnerability to climate change using an integrated approach, assessing climate risks in Beijing. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7018 .

AMA Style

Mingshun Zhang, Zelu Liu, Meine Pieter Van Dijk. Measuring urban vulnerability to climate change using an integrated approach, assessing climate risks in Beijing. PeerJ. 2019; 7 ():e7018.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mingshun Zhang; Zelu Liu; Meine Pieter Van Dijk. 2019. "Measuring urban vulnerability to climate change using an integrated approach, assessing climate risks in Beijing." PeerJ 7, no. : e7018.

Journal article
Published: 28 May 2019 in Sustainability
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Three paradigms used in China to deal with urban water issues are compared. The analysis focuses on their definition and objectives, the role of different stakeholders, the issues they deal with and the possible solutions suggested. The use of these paradigms in Chinese cities is compared on different dimensions to conclude when and where they can be used for which purpose. The paradigms differ substantially in their scope (from the narrow focus of the sponge city paradigm to the broad goals of eco-city paradigms) and in terms of the governance mechanisms used to coordinate between different actors. The resilient and sponge paradigms mainly use government structures to achieve their objectives, while the idea is to also involve the private sector (certainly in case of the sponge city paradigm). This has not happened most of the times because project money had to be spent in time. In the eco-cities approach the citizens want to be involved through newly created governance structures. In resilient cities potential victims may be involved. Resilient and eco-city initiatives emphasize the involvement of stakeholders, while in the sponge cities approach the initiative is often taken by local government. Finally, in terms of expected solutions, the paradigms want to avoid disaster, create an eco-city or improve water management. Only in the case of eco-cities there is more space for different water management practices and using alternative technologies. Water-related technologies are available, generating energy from wastewater or underground water and diminishing the dependence on fossil fuels.

ACS Style

Meine Pieter Van Dijk; Mingshun Zhang. Urban Water Management Paradigms in Chinese Cities. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3001 .

AMA Style

Meine Pieter Van Dijk, Mingshun Zhang. Urban Water Management Paradigms in Chinese Cities. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (11):3001.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meine Pieter Van Dijk; Mingshun Zhang. 2019. "Urban Water Management Paradigms in Chinese Cities." Sustainability 11, no. 11: 3001.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2018 in Energy & Environment
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China has gained experience with voluntary agreements. In this paper the experiences in China will be analysed and compared to the factors contributing to the success of this model in the Netherlands. Are voluntary agreements an alternative for the Chinese command and control system? We distinguish different types of voluntary agreements and compare those in China and the Netherlands on a number of dimensions. The hypothesis is tested that voluntary agreements are more effective in achieving pollution control than the traditional command and control approach. It is found that indeed most voluntary agreements score good in China as well as in the Netherlands on a number of chosen indicators. Voluntary agreements are effective in achieving ambitious energy saving targets in a flexible and cost-effective way. Voluntary agreements have the function to mobilise support for energy saving, which is not easily mobilised through the traditional command-and-control approaches. There are however some important differences between the functioning of the system in China and in the Netherlands, where a more bottom-up approach is common. The Netherlands has a tradition of stakeholders' involvement and experience over a longer time of monitoring the effectiveness of the project and adjusting them if necessary.

ACS Style

Mingshun Zhang; Huanhuan Li; Wei Jin; Erik Ter Avest; Meine Pieter Van Dijk. Voluntary agreements to achieve energy efficiency, a comparison between China and The Netherlands. Energy & Environment 2018, 29, 989 -1003.

AMA Style

Mingshun Zhang, Huanhuan Li, Wei Jin, Erik Ter Avest, Meine Pieter Van Dijk. Voluntary agreements to achieve energy efficiency, a comparison between China and The Netherlands. Energy & Environment. 2018; 29 (6):989-1003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mingshun Zhang; Huanhuan Li; Wei Jin; Erik Ter Avest; Meine Pieter Van Dijk. 2018. "Voluntary agreements to achieve energy efficiency, a comparison between China and The Netherlands." Energy & Environment 29, no. 6: 989-1003.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Low Carbon Economy
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A comparison of the European Union (EU) and China’s emission trading schemes (ETS) is made and we analyze a field survey concerning the pilot ETS in China. The comparison shows that EU’s carbon market is relative mature, given that EU has adopted more flexible and market based measures for its ETS. In China there are more governmental interventions to make the ETS work, but there is lack of a legal foundation and market measures for China’s ETS. The survey yielded information on the attitudes of the participants towards ETS and the linkages between carbon price and the actions by ETS participants to diminish carbon emissions. The survey results show that most participants are willing to participate in ETS and that the ETS does have positive impact on the reduction of CO2 emission. However China is not yet well prepared to move from seven small pilot ETS to a nationwide ETS, since relevant laws and regulations are not well formulated. This also explains why there are much governmental interventions for the 7 pilot ETS in China. The survey result shows that the existing carbon price in China is too low to mobilise industrial investment in abatement technology.

ACS Style

Mingshun Zhang; Zelu Liu; Wei Jin; Meine Pieter van Dijk. Emission Trading Schemes in China and the European Union, Achievements and Challenges. Low Carbon Economy 2018, 09, 33 -44.

AMA Style

Mingshun Zhang, Zelu Liu, Wei Jin, Meine Pieter van Dijk. Emission Trading Schemes in China and the European Union, Achievements and Challenges. Low Carbon Economy. 2018; 09 (01):33-44.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mingshun Zhang; Zelu Liu; Wei Jin; Meine Pieter van Dijk. 2018. "Emission Trading Schemes in China and the European Union, Achievements and Challenges." Low Carbon Economy 09, no. 01: 33-44.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in American Journal of Climate Change
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In this paper, we assess the existing seven local pilot carbon emission trading schemes in China and analyse the factors determining whether China’s carbon market is successful in terms of handling substantial amounts of CO2 emissions rights, regulating the market and trading them at a reasonable price. The emission trading system is developing slowly in most of the participating provinces and cities. Prices tend to decline, while volumes trading slowly increase. The volatility is partially the result of regulation (the rights need to be renewed before a certain date) and partially due to government interventions in the market. Based on the assessment, recommendations are provided for China implementing a national carbon market, based on the experiences and lessons learnt from the seven local carbon emission trading schemes. Conditions for China to roll out the system and later improve the national emission trading scheme to replace the existing local emission trading schemes are formulated.

ACS Style

Mingshun Zhang; Zelu Liu; Wei Jin; Meine Pieter Van Dijk. For CO2 Emission Trading in China, Can the Market Become a National One, Four Years after Creating Seven Local Markets? American Journal of Climate Change 2018, 07, 218 -235.

AMA Style

Mingshun Zhang, Zelu Liu, Wei Jin, Meine Pieter Van Dijk. For CO2 Emission Trading in China, Can the Market Become a National One, Four Years after Creating Seven Local Markets? American Journal of Climate Change. 2018; 07 (02):218-235.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mingshun Zhang; Zelu Liu; Wei Jin; Meine Pieter Van Dijk. 2018. "For CO2 Emission Trading in China, Can the Market Become a National One, Four Years after Creating Seven Local Markets?" American Journal of Climate Change 07, no. 02: 218-235.

Research article
Published: 17 December 2017 in Energy & Environment
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China has a fast growing economy in the past three decades that not only contributes to a rise in welfare but also to major energy, resource and environmental problems. Traditional command-and-control approaches are focusing on laggards instead of the forerunners and on sanctions of polluters that are not yet complying with standards. These policy approaches are ineffective to mobilize the potential capacities of cleaner production. This study is conducted in three phases of feasibility studies, demonstrations and up-scaling of adoption of voluntary approaches in China for achieving ambitious energy and environmental targets. The results show that voluntary approach is a proven collective impact approach for China achieving ambitious energy targets. As compared to the energy and environmental targets set by authorities, more than 10%–20% higher targets of energy efficiency and environmental performance can be achieved by adoption of voluntary approaches. The study has concluded six successful factors that are crucial for China adopting collective impact approach of Voluntary Agreement in the field of sustainable production. Those six factors are: (1) a common agenda with shared vision for improvement, (2) co-create with trust, (3) continuous communication based on trust and common motivation, (4) backbone support and facilitation, (5) incentives and sanctions and (6) monitoring, data verification and evaluation. This study provides a good example for China developing and implementing more flexible, public–private-partnership oriented, cost-effective and collective impact policies that could facilitate China achieving high sustainability in industries.

ACS Style

Mingshun Zhang; Ying Cui; Erik Ter Avest; Meine Pieter Van Dijk. Adoption of voluntary approach: Can voluntary approach generate collective impacts for China achieving ambitious energy efficiency targets? Energy & Environment 2017, 29, 281 -299.

AMA Style

Mingshun Zhang, Ying Cui, Erik Ter Avest, Meine Pieter Van Dijk. Adoption of voluntary approach: Can voluntary approach generate collective impacts for China achieving ambitious energy efficiency targets? Energy & Environment. 2017; 29 (2):281-299.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mingshun Zhang; Ying Cui; Erik Ter Avest; Meine Pieter Van Dijk. 2017. "Adoption of voluntary approach: Can voluntary approach generate collective impacts for China achieving ambitious energy efficiency targets?" Energy & Environment 29, no. 2: 281-299.