Water deficit is a decisive challenge that tremendously affects maize physiological functions and productivity. Hence, it is crucial to ameliorate its tolerance to drought stress, in particular under abrupt climate change and a growing population. The present study aimed to explore the influence of exogenously sprayed moringa seed extract (Moringa oleifera) and α-tocopherol on physio-biochemical, morphological, and yield attributes of six diverse maize hybrids under three irrigation levels in poor-fertility sandy soil. The applied irrigation regimes were based on estimated crop evapotranspiration (ET) using the FAO Penman–Monteith equation. A split–split plot arrangement with a randomized complete block design and three replicates was applied for different treatments. Irrigation levels (100% ET, 75% ET and 50% ET) were established in the main plots, while foliar applications (moringa extract and α-tocopherol) were located in subplots and the assessed hybrids (SC162, SC166, SC167, SC168, SC176, and SC178) in subsubplots. Mild (75% ET) and severe (50% ET) drought stress gradually reduced the gas exchange, photosynthetic efficiency, water relations, and yield traits compared with well-watered conditions (100% ET). However, foliar application of moringa seed extract or α-tocopherol was effective in reinforcing maize tolerance to drought stress by enhancing the accumulation of osmoprotectants, improving antioxidant enzymes, and decreasing levels of peroxidation of membrane lipids and electrolyte leakage compared to untreated control. These positive impacts were reflected in boosting yield traits and crop water productivity under water deficit conditions. The physiological and agronomic performance of the assessed maize hybrids considerably varied under water deficit conditions. The hybrids SC168, SC176, and SC178 exhibited the best performance under mild and severe drought conditions compared with the other hybrids. Consequently, the integration of exogenously applied moringa seed extract or α-tocopherol with tolerant maize hybrids such as SC168, SC176, and SC178 is an efficient approach to ameliorating drought tolerance under water-scarce conditions in arid environments.

Using tests based on serological, chemical and pathological aspects Ralstonia solanacearum strains (of brown rot disease) were identified in 10 strains were isolated from infected potato tubers grown in Egypt with biovar II pathogenicity and hypersensivity on leaves of tobacco and sugar utilization. , ISSR markers were used to differentiate the strains .Total number of amplified fragments was 68 bands and polymorphic bands were 38 representing 56% polymorphism. Twenty one bands were monomorphic and 9 were uniquely amplified DNA fragments of DNA which ranged between 7 to 16. The number of polymorphic fragments ranged between 1 to 13 for each primer. Values of genetic similarity among genotypes ranged from 63 to 92%. A dendrogram separated the strains into two major clusters. Pathogenicity tests showed QB.4, BK.5, BK.7 and Gk.8 isolates being highly virulent on tobacco in hypersensitivity test (HR) study. Virulence degree were between low and high on seedlings of tomato and potato and tomato seedlings. R. solanacearum (QB.4, QB.5, BK.7 and BK.8) showed highest disease incidence of 25.0, 24.6, 25.3 and 28.5%, respectively. Recorded wilt disease severity were 6.5, 6.2, 6.1 and 7.5 %, respectively at 42 days. Only the four isolates QB.4, QB.5, BK.7 and BK.8 were highly pathogenic to all of the studied seven potato cultivars of Accent, Alpha, Kara, Spunta, Draga, Sntana and Monalisa.

The up-to-date technique of start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism (sites around start codon) is efficient in genetic diversity analysis and fingerprinting. In the current study, 94 amplified fragments were obtained using 10 SCoT Primers with 10 genotypes of Cicer arietinum L with 35% polymorphism, where the polymorphic bands were 33 and 61 bands were monomorphic. The SCoT data analysis showed genetic similarity ranging from 84 to 98%. A dendrogram separated the studied ten chickpea genotypes into two major clusters, divided into two main sub-clusters. The difference in Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) established genetic variance between the investigated samples. In four quadrants, the PCA variable demonstrated clustering for the 10 genotypes of chickpea that were examined.

This study explored callus initiation and somatic embryogenesis within GZ650 maize genotype, emphasizing the influence of distinct culture media and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). In this experiment, 800 immature embryos were cultured on four different media (control media and different concentrations of zinc media) (CM, ZM1, ZM2, and ZM3). Successful somatic embryogenesis was achieved, with ZM3 medium containing 4000 ppm ZnONPs demonstrating optimal callus induction. ZnONPs consistently outperformed the control in promoting embryogenic callus formation, notably with ZM3 resulting in 89.5% embryogenic calli compared to the control's (43%). Salinity treatments affect ZM3-derived embryogenic calli as well as callus performance. Genetic diversity analysis using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers highlighted substantial variations and relationships among maize samples under salinity treatments. This research underscores the potential of ZnONPs to facilitate callus development, enhance plant tolerance against salinity, and assess genetic variation in response to ZnONPs and salinity stress.

Men are using oral medications like tramadol and sildenafil citrate more frequently these days to treat erection issues and achieve the right level of potency for sexual performance. This study evaluated the effect of persistently administering tramadol and sildenafil citrate on the testisand sperm quality of scoundrel males. 40 rats were assigned into 4 groups: control, group treated with tramadol, sildenafil citrate was given to one group, and tramadol and sildenafil mixture was given to the other; each group had ten rats. After the sacrifice of rats at the end of the experiment, biochemical, histopathological, and comet assays were evaluated. The treatments illustrated a significantly lower sperm count and a rise in aberrant forms compared to the control. The testis' histopathology revealed a decrease in the quantity of spermatogenic cells; additionally, the interstitial tissue between tubules in the tramadol-treated group increased, leading to the loss of the majority of spermatogenic cells, worsening alterations, disrupted seminiferous tubule architecture, and oedema of interstitial matter, more than in the sildenafil citrate group. The combination of the two drugs caused the most significant impairment in all measured parameters. Therefore, limiting the concomitant use of both drugs is recommended to diminish the potentiated toxic effect on the testis and sperm quality, especially tramadol.