This study harnesses Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to identify optimal areas for olive cultivation in Jordan amidst the challenges of climate change. Recognizing the olive tree’s economic, environmental and cultural significance in the Mediterranean, this research focuses on the impact of altered climatic conditions, such as rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns and increased weather extremes, over the period from 1994 to 2021. By integrating climatic and topographical data, including factors such as altitude, slope, aspect and temperature variations, a multi-criteria analysis pinpoints regions suitable for sustainable olive agriculture. The methodology combines GIS-based spatial analysis with AHP to assess the suitability of various regions for olive farming, taking into account the complex interplay between climate and topography. This approach allows for the evaluation of potential agricultural zones under both current and projected climate scenarios, highlighting northern and western Jordan as areas with the highest suitability due to favorable precipitation and temperature conditions. The results of this study are vital for strategic agricultural planning, offering insights that can help enhance the resilience of olive production against climate variability. By identifying regions with optimal growing conditions and suggesting adaptive strategies, this research aims to support policymakers, agricultural developers and farmers in making informed decisions that ensure the sustainable future of olive farming in Jordan.

Wheat, a cornerstone of Jordan’s food security and agricultural economy, has experienced fluctuating production dynamics. Population growth, climate variability, and the gradual integration of advanced farming technologies drive these fluctuations. As the population expands, the demand for wheat naturally escalates, placing increased pressure on local production capabilities. This study aimed to analyze the impact of demographic (population) and climatic parameters of rainfall and maximum and minimum temperature on wheat production in Jordan from 1995 to 2022. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques and statistical analysis methods, specifically utilizing Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), were used to analyze the relationship between wheat production and population within specific periods; this study revealed an inverse relationship of coefficient of determination with (R² = −0.56, −0.78 and −0.89) for the north, middle, and south regions of Jordan, respectively. A direct relationship between wheat production and rainfall and temperature is explored, especially in the southern areas of Jordan (R² = 0.63 and 0.81), respectively. Generally, rainfall accounted for (32.26%) of the variations in wheat production, while the minimum temperature contributed (30.74%). The effect of maximum temperature was less significant, explaining the variations (13.24%). GWR tests confirmed these climatic factors’ independence, indicating each’s direct impact on wheat production. However, the total decrease in wheat production from 1995 to 2022 comprised approximately 34.19% of production. However, the total reduction in wheat production is shown from 1995 to 2022, approximately 34.19% of production. This study recommends conducting further research to delve deeper into the interplay between population growth, climatic changes, and agricultural practices, exploring the potential for developing sustainable strategies to mitigate the decline in wheat production and ensure food security in Jordan.

Objectives: The study aims to analyze changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in the southern governorates of Jordan—Karak, Ma'an, Tafila, and Aqaba—over the period 1994–2023. It further examines the extent to which these changes have been influenced by migration patterns, employing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and time-series analysis. Methods: The research methodology focused on understanding demographic changes. so, Time-series data were used to identify patterns and trends in population distribution, assisting in monitoring the influence of migration on demographic structure over time. Additionally, quantitative and qualitative analyses were combined to provide a comprehensive perspective, with quantitative analysis focusing on numerical data such as migration rates and population counts, while qualitative analysis explored sociological and cultural factors that affect land use and migration dynamic Results: The results of the study indicate that migration patterns in southern Jordan are primarily driven by economic and spatial factors, with Where it is considered Aqaba governorate the primary receiving area for migrants while other regions (Karak, Ma'an, Tafila (experience negative net migration due to insufficient infrastructure and job opportunities. Conclusions: Migration trends have significantly impacted receiving areas, leading to increased urbanization that strains infrastructure and services. This expansion has caused land-use shifts, with residential areas replacing agricultural and industrial lands, driving up housing demand and property prices. These changes underscore the need for strategic urban planning and infrastructure investments for sustainable development.