The lichenised fungal genus Pyrenula is a very common crustose lichen element in tropical to subtropical forests, but little research has been done on this genus in China. During our study on Pyrenula in China, based on morphological characteristics, chemical traits and molecular phylogenetic analysis (ITS and nuLSU), three new 3-septate species with red or orange oil in over-mature ascospores were found: Pyrenula inspersa sp. nov., P. thailandicoides sp. nov. and P. apiculata sp. nov. Compared to the known 3-septate species of Pyrenula with red or orange oil, P. inspersa is characterised by the inspersed hamathecium; P. thailandicoides is characterised by the IKI+ red hamathecium and the existence of an unknown lichen substance; and P. apiculata is characterised by the absence of endospore layers in the spore tips and the absence of pseudocyphellae. It is reported for the first time that the presence of a gelatinous halo around the ascospores of Pyrenula is common. A word key for the Pyrenula species with red or orange oil in over-mature ascospores is provided.

The lichenised fungal genus Pyrenula is a very common crustose lichen element in tropical to subtropical forests, but little research has been done on this genus in China. We carried out an integrative taxonomic study on Pyrenula in China using morphological, anatomical, chemical characters, and molecular data (ITS, nuLSU, mtSSU). Three new species with muriform ascospores containing red oil when over-mature were found: Pyrenula submacularissp. nov., P. yunguiensissp. nov. and P. rufotetrasporasp. nov. Molecular data and TLC results of P. macularis and P. breutelii are for the first time reported and show that they are not synonyms. This is the first report of P. breutelii in China. Contrary to the previous reports of this genus, we found lichen substances in all the five species in this study, seemingly terpenoids. A key for the Pyrenula species reported in China is provided.

In the framework of continuing studies on the Graphidaceae in China, the status of all taxa traditionally assigned to the genus Graphina reported from China are resolved in the present paper. Five new combinations are made, namely Diorygma isabellinum (Zahlbr.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., Fissurina adscribens (Nyl.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., Graphis lecanactiformis (Zahlbr.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., Phaeographis haloniata (Zahlbr.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov. and Platygramme taiwanensis (J.C. Wei) Z.F. Jia & Lucking, comb. nov. Five new synonymies were found: Graphina olivascens Zahlbr. (= Fissurina adscribens), Graphina plumbicolor Zahlbr. (= Phaeographis haloniata), Graphina roridula Zahlbr. and its variety platypoda Zahlbr. [= Diorygma pachygraphum (Nyl.) Kalb, Staiger & Elix], and Graphina taiwanensis f. obscurata J.C. Wei (= Platygramme taiwanensis). In the framework of continuing studies on the Graphidaceae in China, the status of all taxa traditionally assigned to the genus Graphina reported from China are resolved in the present paper. Five new combinations are made, namely Diorygma isabellinum (Zahlbr.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., Fissurina adscribens (Nyl.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., Graphis lecanactiformis (Zahlbr.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., Phaeographis haloniata (Zahlbr.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov. and Platygramme taiwanensis (J.C. Wei) Z.F. Jia & Lucking, comb. nov. Five new synonymies were found: Graphina olivascens Zahlbr. (= Fissurina adscribens), Graphina plumbicolor Zahlbr. (= Phaeographis haloniata), Graphina roridula Zahlbr. and its variety platypoda Zahlbr. [= Diorygma pachygraphum (Nyl.) Kalb, Staiger & Elix], and Graphina taiwanensis f. obscurata J.C. Wei (= Platygramme taiwanensis).

Lichenized fungi, recognized as an ecologically vital and pharmaceutically promising resource, hold substantial value in both environmental conservation and medicinal applications. As the second largest subclass within the lichen-forming fungi of Lecanoromycetes, Ostropomycetidae emerged as a critical reservoir of bioactive secondary metabolites. Current research has revealed that these secondary metabolites demonstrate remarkable bioactivities, positioning them as potential sources for novel pharmaceutical compounds. Despite considerable progress in characterizing chemical constituents and evaluating bioactivities within this subclass, a systematic summary of these discoveries remains absent. This review synthesizes the lichenochemical research progress, providing critical evaluations of 202 structurally characterized compounds from Ostropomycetidae lichen species over recent decades. These Ostropomycetidae-derived compounds cover the phenols, polyketides, fatty acids, terpenoids, steroids, and non-ribosomal peptides, and exhibit diverse bioactivities including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-neurodegenerative diseases, antitubercular, anti-herbivore, and antitrypanosomal, and so on. The aim of this review is to establish a robust chemodiversity framework and to offer strategic guidance for targeted exploration of lichen-derived drug candidates in the biological resources of Ostropomycetidae lichens.

During a study of the genus Mazosia in China, a new species, named here M. weii, was found. Its position was found to be supported by molecular data of the mtSSU and nuLSU markers. The new species is characterized by a pilose thallus with brown verrucae and 3-septate ascospores measuring 22.5–35 × 4–6.25 µm. The morphological, anatomical and chemical characteristics are described in detail and a key to Mazosia with pilose thalli is added.