Electrical conductivity is a key factor in measuring performance of printed electronics, but the conductivity of inkjet-printed silver nanoinks greatly depends on post-fabrication sintering. In this work, two different conductive silver nanoinks, in which the silver nanoparticles were stabilized by two different capping agents – Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and Poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) – were synthesized. The inks were inkjet-printed on flexible PET substrates, coated with an additional polycation layer, which facilitated chemical sintering. The printed features were then exposed to moderately elevated temperatures to evaluate the effect of combined chemical and thermal sintering. Both inks produced conductive features at room temperature, and the conductivity increased with both temperature and duration of sintering. At temperatures above 100 °C, the choice of capping agent had no pronounced effect on conductivity, which approached very high values of 50 % of bulk silver in all cases. The lowest resistivity (2.24 μΩ cm) was obtained after sintering at 120 °C for 180 min. By combining chemical and conventional thermal sintering, we have produced remarkably conductive silver electrodes on flexible substrates, while using low-cost and simple processes.

Atmospheric bulk and wet deposition samples were collected simultaneously at the background coastal site in the Eastern Middle Adriatic region in order to assess the impact of major ions (Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺) on deposition acidity and distinguish the main sources. Higher ion levels were observed during the cold period, especially for Cl⁻, Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺. Dust intrusion caused significant increases in levels of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺, while open-fire events increased the levels of K⁺. Deposition acidity showed seasonal differences as well as the influence of dust intrusion. Low ionic balance ratios indicated acidic deposition properties and the presence of organic anions. The highest neutralization ability was found for Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and NH₄⁺. Several natural (marine, crustal) and anthropogenic sources were determined, as well as the formation of secondary aerosols. Wet deposition was characterized by higher contribution of sea salt fraction compared to bulk deposition and lower contribution of crustal fraction.

Marine life is threatened by global warming and its indirect consequences, which include, among others, increased stratification leading to phosphorus (P) and nitrogen depletion in the upper water column. Phosphorus plays a key role in all biochemical systems; storage of metabolic energy, formation of genetic material, and subcellular compartmentalization. Our multi‐year study of lipid biogeochemistry in the northern Adriatic (Mediterranean), which is becoming warmer and nutrient‐poorer, particularly regarding P, has shown that under conditions of P scarcity, phospholipids are relatively more abundant and smaller plankton cells dominate. Consistent with the field data, experiments with seven phytoplankton monocultures, comprising microplankton, nanoplankton, and picoplankton, confirmed a relatively higher phospholipid content in the smaller phytoplankton species and, in particular, an increase in those grown under stress conditions in general, including, unexpectedly, P‐limitation. We suggest two reasons for the observed “P paradox” of P‐limited phytoplankton: (1) cell geometry: volume of the plasma membrane relative to the volume of the entire cell is greater in smaller cells and, therefore, the proportion of plasma membrane phospholipids to intracellular lipids is greater in smaller cells, (2) higher proportion of densely packed saturated fatty acids found in stressful conditions, including P oligotrophy, additionally increase the proportion of membrane phospholipids relative to intracellular lipids. Our findings contribute to the understanding of P cycling in the sea. In addition, our data suggest that higher phospholipid export to deep waters is possible by smaller plankton.

Carbohydrates are ubiquitous, water-soluble organic compounds that serve as tracers of atmospheric organic matter sources, participate in cloud chemical processes, and, once deposited to surface waters, provide readily bioavailable carbon that can stimulate microbial activity and affect marine biogeochemistry. The Mediterranean Sea, influenced by variable natural and anthropogenic inputs, is a key region for assessing how emission sources affect atmospheric organic matter composition and fluxes. Here, we studied the impact of three key sources, pollen episodes, Saharan dust intrusions, and biomass burning, on atmospheric carbohydrate concentrations, deposition pathways (dry, wet, and total), and their effects on northern Mediterranean coastal waters. Carbohydrate composition varied seasonally, reflecting shifts in local emissions, long-range transport, and meteorological conditions, with wet deposition as the dominant removal pathway. Spring pollen episodes were the dominant source of primary sugars, while summer sugar alcohols indicated minor fungal contributions. Biomass burning, including residential heating and wildfires, produced the highest anhydrosugars levels and significantly increased total dissolved carbohydrates. In contrast, Saharan dust contributed insignificant organic carbon fractions and had limited impact on carbohydrate deposition. Event-based analysis showed that pollen and dust episodes increased surface dissolved organic carbon by 0.2–0.7 %, whereas biomass burning induced short-term increases of up to 5 %. Although overall atmospheric contributions to marine dissolved organic carbon pool were modest, the high fraction of labile carbohydrates indicated that episodic deposition events delivered important pulses of bioavailable carbon. These findings emphasize the need to resolve short-term atmosphere-ocean interactions to better understand coastal carbon cycling and its broader environmental implications.

Carbohydrates are ubiquitous, water-soluble organic compounds that serve as tracers of atmospheric organic matter sources, participate in cloud chemical processes, and, once deposited to surface waters, provide readily bioavailable carbon that can stimulate microbial activity and affect marine biogeochemistry. The Mediterranean Sea, influenced by variable natural and anthropogenic inputs, is a key region for assessing how emission sources affect atmospheric organic matter composition and fluxes. Here, we studied the impact of three key sources, pollen episodes, Saharan dust intrusions, and biomass burning, on atmospheric carbohydrate concentrations, deposition pathways (dry, wet, and total), and their effects on northern Mediterranean coastal waters. Carbohydrate composition varied seasonally, reflecting shifts in local emissions, long-range transport, and meteorological conditions, with wet deposition as the dominant removal pathway. Spring pollen episodes were the dominant source of primary sugars, while summer sugar alcohols indicated minor fungal contributions. Biomass burning, including residential heating and wildfires, produced the highest anhydrosugars levels and significantly increased total dissolved carbohydrates. In contrast, Saharan dust contributed insignificant organic carbon fractions and had limited impact on carbohydrate deposition. Event-based analysis showed that pollen and dust episodes increased surface dissolved organic carbon by 0.2–0.7 %, whereas biomass burning induced short-term increases of up to 5 %. Although overall atmospheric contributions to marine dissolved organic carbon pool were modest, the high fraction of labile carbohydrates indicated that episodic deposition events delivered important pulses of bioavailable carbon. These findings emphasize the need to resolve short-term atmosphere-ocean interactions to better understand coastal carbon cycling and its broader environmental implications.