Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based on quantum dots (QDs) and dye molecules have great application potential in biochemical fields. How to achieve an efficient energy transfer process has become an important research topic. Pressure can be used to regulate the energy transfer process, but its regulation on metal halide perovskite systems is rarely reported. Herein, the efficient FRET process between CsPbBr3 QDs and Rhodamine B (RhB) molecules under high pressure is investigated. Upon compression to 1.3 GPa, the FRET rate of the CsPbBr3–RhB composite reaches 0.21 ns−1 and the FRET efficiency is improved from 12.4% to 62.4%, due to enhanced spectral overlap and shortened minimum distance between CsPbBr3 QDs and RhB molecules. This study provides a strategy for achieving efficient FRET research and further promotes the development of applications based on halide perovskite molecular systems.

To better calibrate the aerosol lidar network constructed by the China Meteorological Administration, and ensure the data quality observed by the network, the Meteorological Observation Center (China Meteorological Administration) and the University of Naples (Italy) jointly developed a “high quality 532 nm Raman aerosol lidar” (REAL lidar) in 2018. The ability to detect Raman–Mie scattering signals was improved through signal detection in a large dynamic range. This study compared the REAL lidar with the reference lidar (European ACTRIS aerosol lidar network) considering three wavelengths and eight channels. The results show that both the original signals and data products of the two radars exhibited good consistency. In the calibration application of China’s domestic lidar network, after REAL calibration, the relative average and standard deviations of the backscattering coefficient of the in-station lidar decreased from 55.4% to 7.9% and from 64% to 9.9%, respectively. The effect was significant, which indicates that REAL is an aerosol lidar with a high-performance index. The results satisfy the demand for calibration of the aerosol lidar network, and the REAL was successfully applied to the calibration of the aerosol lidar network.

In response to the urgent need for calibration technology in the application of wind lidar in the meteorological operations, this paper describes the development of a Reference-type Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar(RCDWL) for calibration. Based on a dual-channel composite detection mechanism combining continuous and pulsed modes, the RCDWL achieves key technical specifications including a low blind zone of 10 m, a high resolution of 10 m, and a maximum detection altitude of 3,000 m. To verify the performance and stability of the RCDWL, comparison experiments and data analyses were conducted using a radiosonde and a meteorological gradient tower, respectively. Comparison results with the radiosonde showed a wind speed systematic error of -0.05 m/s and a standard deviation of 1.11 m/s, while the wind direction systematic error was 1.34° with a standard deviation of 12.05°; the correlation coefficients were all higher than 0.97.Comparison results with the gradient tower showed a systematic error of 0.01 m/s and a standard deviation of 0.28 m/s for wind speed, and a systematic error of -0.09° and a standard deviation of 2.90° for wind direction, with correlation coefficients all exceeding 0.98. Based on these results, we used RCDWL as a reference source for a joint comparison and analysis of 9 lidars in meteorological operations. The results showed that the correlation coefficients for horizontal wind speed were greater than 0.98, with standard deviations less than 0.8 m/s; for wind direction, the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.97, with standard deviations less than 8°. Additionally, when using RCDWL as a reference standard source for the comparison and calibration of lidars prior to shipment, RCDWL effectively improves the product accuracy of lidars prior to shipment. These results fully validate the detection capabilities and stability of the RCDWL, establishing a stable and reliable reference benchmark for lidar calibration within the meteorological operations. The RCDWL fills a technical gap in wind lidar calibration reference sources and can be used for the comparison and calibration of Lidar equipment, holding great practical significance for enhancing the application level of wind lidars in various fields.

In response to the urgent need for calibration technology in the application of wind lidar in the meteorological operations, this paper describes the development of a Reference-type Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar(RCDWL) for calibration. Based on a dual-channel composite detection mechanism combining continuous and pulsed modes, the RCDWL achieves key technical specifications including a low blind zone of 10 m, a high resolution of 10 m, and a maximum detection altitude of 3,000 m. To verify the performance and stability of the RCDWL, comparison experiments and data analyses were conducted using a radiosonde and a meteorological gradient tower, respectively. Comparison results with the radiosonde showed a wind speed systematic error of -0.05 m/s and a standard deviation of 1.11 m/s, while the wind direction systematic error was 1.34° with a standard deviation of 12.05°; the correlation coefficients were all higher than 0.97.Comparison results with the gradient tower showed a systematic error of 0.01 m/s and a standard deviation of 0.28 m/s for wind speed, and a systematic error of -0.09° and a standard deviation of 2.90° for wind direction, with correlation coefficients all exceeding 0.98. Based on these results, we used RCDWL as a reference source for a joint comparison and analysis of 9 lidars in meteorological operations. The results showed that the correlation coefficients for horizontal wind speed were greater than 0.98, with standard deviations less than 0.8 m/s; for wind direction, the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.97, with standard deviations less than 8°. Additionally, when using RCDWL as a reference standard source for the comparison and calibration of lidars prior to shipment, RCDWL effectively improves the product accuracy of lidars prior to shipment. These results fully validate the detection capabilities and stability of the RCDWL, establishing a stable and reliable reference benchmark for lidar calibration within the meteorological operations. The RCDWL fills a technical gap in wind lidar calibration reference sources and can be used for the comparison and calibration of Lidar equipment, holding great practical significance for enhancing the application level of wind lidars in various fields.

Multi-wavelength Raman–Mie polarization lidar provides vertically resolved measurements of aerosol scattering, particle shape, and wavelength-dependent response. We analyzed quality-controlled clear-sky observations from June 2025 to March 2026 to identify aerosol optical regimes at inland Beijing Nanjiao and coastal Beihai. The feature space comprised ${\log }_{10}\left({\beta }_{532}\right)$, ${\delta }_{p,532}$, and ${\mathrm{AE}}_{\beta ,355/532}$, representing scattering intensity, particle nonsphericity, and size-sensitive spectral response. K-means was applied independently at each site. At Beijing Nanjiao, a high-depolarization, strong-scattering, and low-${\mathrm{AE}}_{\beta ,355/532}$ regime was concentrated in the lowest observed layer, whereas lower-loading regimes occurred more frequently aloft. Its dust AOD and dust fraction were descriptively 37.5% and 19.2% above the site means, although the dust-related inter-regime differences were not significant after FDR correction. Beihai was dominated by low-depolarization regimes separated mainly by scattering intensity and wavelength response. Its strongest-scattering regime showed total, sea salt, OC, and sulfate AOD enhancements of 33.0%, 15.5%, 24.5%, and 41.9%, respectively; the inter-regime differences were significant for total and sulfate AODs but not for sea salt AOD. MERRA-2 aerosol diagnostics and trajectory analyses provided auxiliary regional context for interpreting the lidar-defined optical states and were not used as clustering inputs or direct chemical validation. These results demonstrate that combined polarization and multi-wavelength lidar sensing can distinguish vertically varying aerosol optical states that are obscured in surface or column-integrated observations.

In response to the urgent need for calibration technology in the application of wind lidar in the meteorological operations, this paper describes the development of a Reference-type Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar(RCDWL) for calibration. Based on a dual-channel composite detection mechanism combining continuous and pulsed modes, the RCDWL achieves key technical specifications including a low blind zone of 10 m, a high resolution of 10 m, and a maximum detection altitude of 3,000 m. To verify the performance and stability of the RCDWL, comparison experiments and data analyses were conducted using a radiosonde and a meteorological gradient tower, respectively. Comparison results with the radiosonde showed a wind speed systematic error of -0.05 m/s and a standard deviation of 1.11 m/s, while the wind direction systematic error was 1.34° with a standard deviation of 12.05°; the correlation coefficients were all higher than 0.97.Comparison results with the gradient tower showed a systematic error of 0.01 m/s and a standard deviation of 0.28 m/s for wind speed, and a systematic error of -0.09° and a standard deviation of 2.90° for wind direction, with correlation coefficients all exceeding 0.98. Based on these results, we used RCDWL as a reference source for a joint comparison and analysis of 9 lidars in meteorological operations. The results showed that the correlation coefficients for horizontal wind speed were greater than 0.98, with standard deviations less than 0.8 m/s; for wind direction, the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.97, with standard deviations less than 8°. Additionally, when using RCDWL as a reference standard source for the comparison and calibration of lidars prior to shipment, RCDWL effectively improves the product accuracy of lidars prior to shipment. These results fully validate the detection capabilities and stability of the RCDWL, establishing a stable and reliable reference benchmark for lidar calibration within the meteorological operations. The RCDWL fills a technical gap in wind lidar calibration reference sources and can be used for the comparison and calibration of Lidar equipment, holding great practical significance for enhancing the application level of wind lidars in various fields.