Floods are among the most destructive natural disasters, causing extensive damage to human lives, property, and the environment. Pakistan is susceptible to natural calamities, such as floods, resulting in millions of people being impacted yearly. It has been demonstrated that flood severity is rising and may continue to escalate in the coming years because of climate change-induced changes in monsoon precipitation in the country. Given the country’s exposure to flooding, it is essential to assess the vulnerability to floods to prepare for and mitigate their impact in Pakistan. This study provides a new conceptual framework for assessing flood risk and vulnerability in Charsadda, a flood-prone district in Pakistan. It evaluates the vulnerability of settlements to floods based on four indicators: population density, the average gross domestic product (GDP) of land, the distance between settlements and rivers, and land use and cover (LULC). The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique was integrated with the geographical information system (GIS) to assess the level of vulnerability to floods in the study area. The results reveal a higher degree of vulnerability to floods in the region. The spatial pattern of vulnerable areas reveals a significant connection between high-risk flood areas and densely populated areas during different flood seasons. The results further reveal that more than 60% of the area is arable land and is highly susceptible to flood. The population and their land-use setup show high and extremely high values of vulnerability in the normalized threshold of 0.3–0.4, respectively. The study provides an in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the chosen indicators, evaluation methods, and results, making this a valuable contribution to the field of flood vulnerability assessment. The findings of this study also include thematic maps and related information to the stakeholders for effective vulnerability management in the study area.

Previous scholarly investigations have mainly concentrated on examining water intake, particularly within the specific domain of coal mines. Nevertheless, the scholarly discourse lacks significant research on predicting water inflow in environments with complex multi-layer mineral distributions. The Yanlong mining area is a complex mine containing coal and bauxite. Forecasting the water inflow of bauxite deposits is crucial for designing mining drainage and formulating a mining plan in a coal-bearing rock series mining area. The water inflow on the roof and floor of bauxite was studied with various numerical simulation and analytical methods (such as the big well method). The hydrogeological conceptual and numerical model of the mining area was established by the MODFLOW module in Groundwater Modeling System (GMS (7.1)) software, and the measured groundwater level was identified and verified in the model. The results show that the model average values of $R^2$, $E_{ns}$, and PBIAS are 0.86, 0.81 and 2.71, respectively, indicating that the established numerical simulation model can accurately forecast water inflow into the aquifer. Taking No. XII orebody in the eastern Songshan Mining area as an example, a virtual well group consisting of 12 wells was set up, and the numerical model forecast a water inflow of 71,500 m³/d from the Taiyuan Formation aquifer in the bauxite ore roof, which was lower than the value predicted by the large well method (72,786.66 m³/d). The numerical method predicted an average water inflow of 59,000 m³/d and a maximum water inflow of 82,600 m³/d from the Majiagou Formation in the bauxite ore floor. A dependence has been established that the numerical method estimates water inflow with accuracy. Additionally, the model predicts future mining water inflow, and also provides a standard framework for estimating inflow in similar mining conditions.

Geological hazards are widely distributed, cause huge losses, and have always been the focus of attention for engineering and environmental geologists. Geological hazard evaluation is the basis of research and has important theoretical significance for preventing and controlling geological hazards. Therefore, geological hazard evaluation has become the focus of engineering and environmental geology. The question of how to build a universal index system model of geological hazard evaluation is an urgent problem that needs to be solved in geological hazard evaluation. Based on a large amount of previous research data, this paper takes landslide hazard as an example and systematically expounds the main problems that need to be solved in the current geological hazard evaluation from five aspects: basic concept, evaluation scope and accuracy, evaluation index system and evaluation criteria, evaluation method, and applicability of evaluation results. A landslide hazard assessment index system model is proposed, which applies to all regions, including all of the factors that may affect the formation of landslides. It is also hoped that this will be used as an example to establish various types of disaster evaluation and assessment systems. If the parameter has no value in the assessment process, it can be processed as 0. On this basis, further research is suggested from the perspectives of the geological hazard evaluation level, geological hazard evaluation theory, and method. To provide thoughts on and suggestions for geological hazard risk assessment method research, standard revision, investigation and evaluation, and risk management and control need to be considered.