The detection of traffic signs is easily affected by changes in the weather, partial occlusion, and light intensity, which increases the number of potential safety hazards in practical applications of autonomous driving. To address this issue, a new traffic sign dataset, namely the enhanced Tsinghua-Tencent 100K (TT100K) dataset, was constructed, which includes the number of difficult samples generated using various data augmentation strategies such as fog, snow, noise, occlusion, and blur. Meanwhile, a small traffic sign detection network for complex environments based on the framework of YOLOv5 (STC-YOLO) was constructed to be suitable for complex scenes. In this network, the down-sampling multiple was adjusted, and a small object detection layer was adopted to obtain and transmit richer and more discriminative small object features. Then, a feature extraction module combining a convolutional neural network (CNN) and multi-head attention was designed to break the limitations of ordinary convolution extraction to obtain a larger receptive field. Finally, the normalized Gaussian Wasserstein distance (NWD) metric was introduced to make up for the sensitivity of the intersection over union (IoU) loss to the location deviation of tiny objects in the regression loss function. A more accurate size of the anchor boxes for small objects was achieved using the K-means++ clustering algorithm. Experiments on 45 types of sign detection results on the enhanced TT100K dataset showed that the STC-YOLO algorithm outperformed YOLOv5 by 9.3% in the mean average precision (mAP), and the performance of STC-YOLO was comparable with that of the state-of-the-art methods on the public TT100K dataset and CSUST Chinese Traffic Sign Detection Benchmark (CCTSDB2021) dataset.

During the rice quality testing process, the precise segmentation and extraction of grain pixels is a key technique for accurately determining the quality of each seed. Due to the similar physical characteristics, small particles and dense distributions of rice seeds, properly analysing rice is a difficult problem in the field of target segmentation. In this paper, a network called SY-net, which consists of a feature extractor module, a feature pyramid fusion module, a prediction head module and a prototype mask generation module, is proposed for rice seed instance segmentation. In the feature extraction module, a transformer backbone is used to improve the ability of the network to learn rice seed features; in the pyramid fusion module and the prediction head module, a six-layer feature fusion network and a parallel prediction head structure are employed to enhance the utilization of feature information; and in the prototype mask generation module, a large feature map is used to generate high-quality masks. Training and testing were performed on two public datasets and one private rice seed dataset. The results showed that SY-net achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 90.71% for the private rice seed dataset and an average precision (AP) of 16.5% with small targets in COCO2017. The network improved the efficiency of rice seed segmentation and showed excellent application prospects in performing rice seed quality testing.