The goal of the current study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs-Exo) and copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) as biomaterials in order to understand the mechanisms that contribute to overcoming cadmium (Cad) induced neurological disorders in rats. Animals were divided into five groups (n = 10): group 1 was served as a negative control and receive vehicle saline (Con), group 2 Positive control groups were received Cad as cadmium chloride at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day for six weeks (Cad group), group 3 was received Cad plus MSCs-Exo as a single dose of 100 μLi. v. (Cad + MSCs-Exo), group 4 was received Cad plus CuSNPs at a dose of 6.5 mg/kg orally (Cad + CuSNPs), group 5 was received Cad + MSCs-Exo + CuSNPs for six weeks. However, the activities of each acetylcholine (Ach), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), total antioxidant status (TAC) were measured. Also, the levels of ROS, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Brain brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) were evaluated. Beneficial effects on the behavior of animals were observed after treatment with MSCs-Exo and CuSNPs. Furthermore, the administration of MSCs-Exo and CuSNPs have been improve the TAC, BDNF and NGF via ameliorating the oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. Moreover, Histopathological studies had shown that great development in the brain of Cad rats treated with MSCs-Exo and CuSNPs. In conclusion, this study offers an overview of innovative stem cell therapy techniques and how to integrate them with nanotechnology to boost therapeutic performance.

In 2022, 2.5 million cases of lung cancer were diagnosed, resulting in 1.8 million deaths. These statistics have motivated us to introduce a new natural product which is feasible in lung cancer therapies. This comprehensive study was performed to study the effects of chia seed extracts (70% ethanol and petroleum ether) on lung cancer in vitro and in vivo models. The invitro cytotoxicity activity of the chia extracts was studied in lung cancer cell lines (A549 cells). After 48 h, chia alcohol and ether extracts showed more inhibitory influence (IC₅₀, 16.08, and 14.8 µg/mL, respectively) on A549 cells compared to Dox (IC₅₀, 13.6 µg/mL). In vivo, administration of chia alcohol and ether extracts (500 mg/kg/day, orally for 20 weeks) recovered 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung cancer, as a significant reduction in the lung cancer biomarkers, including the relative weight of the lung (20.0 and 13.33%), ICAM(31.73 and 15.66%), and c-MYC (80 and 96%) and MMP9(60 and 69%) expression genes, and improvement in these changes were observed by histopathological examinations of the lung tissues compared to the lung control. Chia seeds fought lung cancer via suppression of proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and activation apoptosis. These activities may be attributed to the chemical composition of chia, which is identified by LC-Mass, such as caffeic acid, vanillic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide, and taxifolin. Finally, we can conclude that chia seeds have an anti-lung cancer effect with a good safety margin.

Background: This study evaluated the effects of chitosan nanoparticles (Ch-NPs) on indoxacarb (INDOX)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in in vivo and in vitro models. In in vivo studies, 40 male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (10 rats/group): Group 1, normal control; Group 2, INDOX (600 mg/kg b.w.); Group 3, Ch-NPs (2 mg/kg b.w.); and Group 4, Ch-NPs + INDOX. Characterization of Ch-NPs was done measuring dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and antioxidant activity studies after various Ch-NPs treatments. From in vitro studies, the impact of Ch-NPs on A549 lung carcinoma cell proliferation was also examined. Results: Our data indicated that INDOX provoked considerable lung damage as indicated by decreased antioxidant enzyme levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, increased production of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde serum levels, elevated myeloperoxidase activity, increased hydroxyproline and cytokeratin-19 serum levels, and significantly upregulated matrix metallopeptidase-9 and microRNA-101 gene expression levels when compared with controls. Furthermore, histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations of cyclooxygenase-2 in the lung tissue revealed marked inflammation, severe fibrosis, and neutrophil infiltration. Critically, Ch-NPs treatment significantly reversed INDOX-induced changes in lung biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical outcomes. Conclusion: Therefore, Ch-NPs may function as potential therapeutic drugs for lung fibrosis owing to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic activities with neutrophil infiltration.

Lung cancer is a prevalent and very aggressive sickness that will likely claim 1.8 million lives by 2022, with an estimated 2.2 million additional cases expected worldwide. The goal of the current investigation was to determine whether petroleum ether extract of purslane leaf could be used to treat lung cancer induced by 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-buta-4 none (NNK) in rats. In the in vitro extract recorded, promising anticancer effects in A540 cell lines with IC₅₀ were close to the reference drug, doxorubicin (14.3 and 13.8 μg/mL, respectively). A dose of 500 mg/kg/day orally for 20 weeks exhibited recovery effects on NNK-induced lung cancer with a good safety margin, where Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1), the lung cancer biomarker, was significantly reduced by about 18.75% compared to cancer control. Purslane exhibited many anticancer mechanisms, including (i) anti-proliferation as a significant reduction in Ki67 level (20.42%), (ii) anti-angiogenesis as evident by a considerable decrease in Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression (79%), (iii) anti-inflammation as a remarked decline in Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) expression (62%), (iv) pro-apoptotic effect as a significant activation in Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) expression (262%), and (v) anti-oxidation as remarkable activation on antioxidant biomarkers either non-enzymatic or enzymatic concurrent with considerable depletion on oxidative stress biomarker, in comparison to cancer control. The histopathological examination revealed that Purslane extract showed markedly improved tissue structure and reduced pathological changes across all examined organs caused by NNK. The anti-lung cancer effect exhibited by the extract may be linked to the active ingredients of the extract that were characterized by LC–MS, such as α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, β-sitosterol, and alkaloids (berberine and magnoflorine).

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to monitor the antimicrobial role of Spirulina platensis (SP) and Chlorella vulgaris (CV) against induced endometritis using E. coli O157 in Albino rats. Materials and Methods: After preparation of encapsulated flavoured microalgae, they were mixed into the animal diet at 1%. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the algae was studied. 45 adult female rats were classified into 3 groups (G1, G2, and G3) where each group had 15 rats in number. The first group ate a control basal diet (CD), the second group received CD mixed with SP, and G3 received CD mixed with CV. After 20 days of supplementation, animals were infected with an intravaginal injection of a pathogenic strain of E. coli O157 to induce endometritis. Vaginal swabs were collected for colony count estimation and to monitor recovery rate. Heparinized blood samples were collected for analysis of plasma chemistry. Samples of the uterus and spleen were taken for histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression analysis. Results: SP and CV exhibit strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects, and a high rate of uterine clearance, as indicated by downregulation of target cytokine genes used as indicators of the inflammatory process. Significant elevation in plasma cytokines (TNF-α, INFγ, IL1β), especially those administered SP and CV. Group treated with Microalgae showed a high recovery rate, including increased mature ovarian follicles, few follicular cysts, and moderate infiltration of endometrial inflammatory cells. Conclusions: The study paved the way for the prospective pharmaceutical use of microalgae as an antibiotic replacement therapy or for the extraction of active antimicrobial components.