Serum adiponectin plays a vital role in various physiological processes, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenic activities. Any abnormalities in its concentration can lead to adverse health outcomes, particularly in children and adolescents. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate factors influencing serum adiponectin concentrations in this population. The primary objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the impact of aerobic exercise on serum adiponectin concentrations in children and adolescents with obesity. To achieve this, a comprehensive literature search was conducted up to January 2023, utilising five databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library and Clinicaltrial.gov. The inclusion criteria involved studies that focused solely on aerobic exercise as an intervention for children and adolescents with obesity. Only studies that reported outcome indicators related to serum adiponectin were considered for analysis. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias (ROB) assessment tool, and statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.1 analysis software. This meta-analysis incorporated data from eight trials, involving a total of 272 subjects. The results demonstrated that aerobic training significantly increased serum adiponectin concentrations [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.33 to 1.37; I² = 0%; p = 0.001] in children and adolescents with obesity when compared to non-exercise controls. Furthermore, the magnitude of this effect appears to be influenced by the intensity of aerobic exercise, with higher-intensity aerobic exercise resulting in greater increases in serum adiponectin concentrations.

Purpose: Relevant studies have shown that insufficient physical activity (PA) is associated with the risk of depression in middle-aged and elderly populations, but the relationship between different levels of PA and the risk of depression remains unexplored. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the relationship between different levels of PA and depression risk among middle-aged and older adults in China. Methods: The survey data of this study was based on the 2020 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total of 13,316 middle-aged and elderly community residents aged 45 years or older with complete values of PA, depression assessment, and key variables were selected as the study subjects, and the PA levels and the prevalence of depression among middle-aged and elderly people were assessed based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD), respectively. Multifactorial binary logistic regression models were developed to explore the effects of different levels of PA on the risk of depression in middle-aged and older adults, and sensitivity and stratification analyses were performed. Restricted cubic spline analysis was used to examine the possible non-linear relationship between physical activity and depression risk. Results: Multifactorial binary logistic regression analyses revealed that the odds of depression in middle-aged and older adults who participated in moderate and high levels of PA, using low levels of PA as a reference, was reduced by 15% [OR=0.85, 95% CI (0.73, 1), P=0.045] and 5% [OR=0.95, 95% CI (0.82, 1.11), P=0.541]. Sensitivity analyses showed that moderate levels of PA significantly reduced the risk of depression in middle-aged and older adults, indicating the robustness of the results. Stratified analyses showed that, compared with low levels of PA, moderate levels of PA significantly reduced the odds of depression in female middle-aged and older adults by 23% [OR=0.77, 95% CI (0.63, 0.95), P=0.013], and reduced the odds of depression by 30% in middle-aged and older adults living in inner-city areas [OR=0.7, 95% CI (0.54, 0.91), P=0.008], and reduced the odds of depression by 28% in 60- to 69-year-olds [OR=0.72, 95% CI (0.54, 0.94), P=0.017]. Restricted cubic spline plot results showed a non-linear dose relationship between PA levels and depression risk in middle-aged and older adults (P non-linearity=0.002). Conclusion: The study indicated that participation in moderate levels of PA associates with a reduction in the probability of depression in Chinese middle-aged and elderly people compared to low–high levels of PA.

Background: Cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) are significant health concerns among adults with overweight and obesity. Resistance training (RT) is known to manage CRFs, but the impact of moderate-frequency RT (two to three times weekly) remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing moderate-frequency RT with non-exercise control or usual care in overweight and obese adults. Searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library up to February 2024, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eligible studies included non-athletic adults (BMI ≥ 25) aged 18 years or older, with RT interventions lasting 7 weeks or longer. Results: Fifteen RCTs were included. Moderate-frequency RT significantly reduced systolic blood pressure by -4.66 mmHg (95% CI -9.34 to 0.02, p=0.01) and mean arterial pressure by -6.48 mmHg (95% CI -10.63 to -2.33, p=0.002) compared to controls. Additionally, RT significantly lowered fasting insulin levels by -12.52 mmol/L (95% CI -24.17 to -0.88, p=0.04) and HOMA-IR by -1.49 (95% CI -1.63 to -1.35, p＜0.00001). Improvements were more pronounced in participants with dietary control. Conclusion: Moderate-frequency RT effectively improves CRFs in overweight and obese adults, suggesting its potential as a beneficial intervention for this population. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022343167.

Purpose : This study examined whether ischemic preconditioning (IPC) improves repeated sprint ability (RSA) in basketball players and compared the effects of local IPC (LIPC) and remote IPC (RIPC). Methods : Eighteen male college basketball players completed 3 baseline visits and 3 intervention sessions (local sham preconditioning, LIPC, and RIPC) in a randomized Latin-square design. Participants were blinded to both the study hypothesis and nature of the preconditioning conditions. Each session included a 15-minute warm-up, followed by 5-minute rest and a RSA test (20 × 15-m sprints with 15-s active recovery). IPC was applied 30 minutes before testing. The reoxygenation rate of the vastus lateralis muscle was monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy and perceived fatigue via a visual analog fatigue scale. Results: LIPC significantly improved the fastest sprint (RSA _best ), mean sprint speed (RSA _mean ), reoxygenation rate, and visual analog fatigue scale compared with baseline and local sham preconditioning ( P < .05). RIPC increased RSA _mean versus baseline ( P < .05) but did not affect RSA _best , reoxygenation rate, or visual analog fatigue scale. While no significant differences were observed between LIPC and RIPC ( P > .05), effect-size analysis indicated greater benefits with LIPC. Conclusion: LIPC provides stronger short-term benefits for RSA than RIPC in male basketball players, likely due to more favorable muscle reoxygenation responses.