Panicle-stage nitrogen fertilizer is popular in parts of China due to its higher nitrogen recovery efficiency compared to basal and tiller nitrogen. However, the effect of conversion from basal to panicle-stage nitrogen on matter production, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiencies (NUE) in Chinese double-cropping rice systems remains largely unknown. Here, we elucidate the effect by using two types of one-time basal nitrogen patterns (A and B), three panicle-N allocation patterns (C, D, and E), and the local conventional patterns (CK). The two-year experiment demonstrates that E (basal/tiller/spikelet-promoting /spikelet-developing nitrogen = 0:4:3:3) produced the greatest annual grain yield, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, and nitrogen partial productivity. The annual dry matter weight and nitrogen increment of panicle, nitrogen transportation of stems contributes the most to annual yield and NUE. Furthermore, the yield increase could be attributed to the higher effective panicles, plant dry matter weight at tillering, and net photosynthesis rate at heading. Moreover, years and varieties affect the yield in different N treatments. The improvement in the net photosynthesis rate at the milk stage also significantly increases nitrogen recovery efficiency. These findings suggest that it is worth paying attention to the rational ratio of tillering to panicle fertilizer without applying a base fertilizer, to synchronously increase the grain yield, NUE in Chinese double-cropping rice systems.

Water and fertilizer are crucial in rice growth, with irrigation and fertilizer management exhibiting synergies. In a two-year field study conducted in Yiyang City, Hunan Province, we examined the impact of three irrigation strategies—wet-shallow irrigation (W1), flooding irrigation (W2), and the “thin, shallow, wet, dry irrigation” method (W3)—in combination with distinct fertilizer treatments (labeled F1, F2, F3, and F4, with nitrogen application rates of 0, 180, 225, and 270 kg ha⁻¹, respectively) on rice yield generation and water–fertilizer utilization patterns. The study employed Hybrid Rice Xin Xiang Liang you 1751 (XXLY1751) and Yue Liang you Mei Xiang Xin Zhan (YLYMXXZ) as representative rice cultivars. Key findings from the research include water, fertilizer, variety, and year treatments, which all significantly influenced the yield components of rice. Compared to W2, W1 in 2022 reduced the amount of irrigation water by 35.2%, resulting in a 42.0~42.8% increase in irrigation water productivity and a 25.7~25.9% increase in total water productivity. In 2023, similar improvements were seen. Specifically, compared with other treatments, the W1F3 treatment increased nitrogen uptake and harvest index by 1.4–7.7% and 5.9–7.7%, respectively. Phosphorus and potassium uptake also improved. The W1 treatment enhanced the uptake, accumulation, and translocation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients throughout the rice growth cycle, increasing nutrient levels in the grains. When paired with the F3 fertilization approach, W1 treatment boosted yields and improved nutrient use efficiency. Consequently, combining W1 and F3 treatment emerged as this study’s optimal water–fertilizer management approach. By harnessing the combined effects of water and fertilizer management, we can ensure efficient resource utilization and maximize the productive potential of rice.

This study comprehensively investigated the synergistic effects and underlying mechanisms of optimized water and fertilizer management on the yield, quality, and lodging resistance of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa), through a two-year field experiment. Two hybrid rice varieties, Xinxiangliangyou 1751 (XXLY1751) and Yueliangyou Meixiang Xinzhan (YLYMXXZ), were subjected to three irrigation methods (W1: wet irrigation, W2: flooding irrigation, W3: shallow-wet-dry irrigation) and four nitrogen fertilizer treatments (F1 to F4 with application rates of 0, 180, 225, and 270 kg ha⁻¹, respectively). Our results revealed that the W1F3 treatment significantly enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) accumulation, laying a robust foundation for high yield and quality. NSC accumulation not only supported rice growth but also directly influenced starch and protein synthesis, ensuring smooth grain filling and significantly improving yield and quality. Moreover, NSC strengthened stem fullness and thickness, converting them into structural carbohydrates such as cellulose and lignin, which substantially increased stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance. Statistical analysis demonstrated that water and fertilizer treatments had significant main and interactive effects on photosynthetic rate, dry matter accumulation, yield, quality parameters, NSC, cellulose, lignin, and stem bending resistance. This study reveals the intricate relationship between water and fertilizer management and NSC dynamics, providing valuable theoretical and practical insights for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of hybrid rice, significantly contributing to the sustainable development of modern agriculture.

Modified biochars have attracted attention for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in paddy fields. However, material screening difficulties and lengthy effect validation periods have restricted their development. We proposed a theoretical calculation method to guide short-term field trials in this study. Utilizing first-principles calculations, we determined that sodium ferrate-modified biochar (Fe@C) would limit methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. Field trials confirmed that Fe@C increased rice yields and active organic carbon content in soil and reduced methane emissions and the global warming potential. However, applying sodium ferrate alone significantly reduced N₂O emissions. Correlation analysis showed that methane was significantly negatively correlated with yield and the soil carbon pool labile index. N₂O was significantly negatively correlated with urease activity, and significantly positively correlated with the soil carbon pool management index. Therefore, Fe@C provides a high-yielding management measure that enhances soil labile organic carbon. Additionally, its effects were controlled by the proportion of sodium ferrate. Our work provides a new strategy to guide the design of paddy field experiments via theoretical calculations, greatly shortening research time and providing solutions for carbon sequestration and emissions reduction.

Grain filling plays an important role in achieving high grain yield. Manipulating planting densities is recognized as a viable approach to compensate for the reduced yield caused by nitrogen reduction. Understanding the effects of nitrogen fertilization and planting density on superior and inferior grain filling is crucial to ensure grain security. Hence, double-cropping paddy field trials were conducted to investigate the effect of three nitrogen levels (N1, conventional nitrogen application; N2, 10% nitrogen reduction; N3, 20% nitrogen reduction) and three planting densities (D1, conventional planting density; D2, 20% density increase; D3, 40% density increase) on grain yield, yield formation, and grain-filling characteristics at two sowing dates (S1, a conventional sowing date, and S2, a date postponed by ten days) in 2019–2020. The results revealed that the annual yield of S1 was 8.5–14% higher than that of S2. Reducing nitrogen from N2 to N3 decreased the annual yield by 2.8–7.6%, but increasing planting densities from D1 to D3 significantly improved yield, by 6.2–19.4%. Furthermore, N2D3 had the highest yield, which was 8.7–23.8% higher than the plants that had received the other treatments. The rice yield increase was attributed to higher numbers of panicles per m² and spikelets per panicle on the primary branches, influenced by superior grain filling. Increasing planting density and reducing nitrogen application significantly affected grain-filling weight, with the 40% density increase significantly facilitating superior and inferior grain filling with the same nitrogen level. Increasing density can improve superior grains while reducing nitrogen will decrease superior grains. These results suggest that N2D3 is an optimal strategy to increase yield and grain filling for double-cropping rice grown under two sowing-date conditions.

Optimized fertilizer use improves crop yield and mitigates environmental pollution associated with crop production. Fertilizer and plant density are core strategies to ensure food security and cope with climate change. However, little is known about the long-term interactive effect of reduced nitrogen (N) and increased density on yield and C (Carbon) balance. In this study, field experiments were conducted in a double-cropping rice region to evaluate long-term effects on yield and carbon footprint (CF) by crop-based and soil-based methods. Treatments were set for 10% reduction in N coupling with conventional density (N1D1), 20% higher density (N1D2), 40% higher density (N1D3), and 20% reduction in N coupling with conventional density (N2D1), 20% higher density (N2D2), and 40% higher density (N2D3), with the prevailing practices as control, conventional plant density, and fertilizer dose. Results showed that the yield continued to increase with increasing density; under the same density, reducing N by 10% is more beneficial for yield improvement and for CH₄ emission reduction. Compared with CK, reducing N application by 10% generally increased the annual yields by 7.34–23.25% on average, and reduced CH₄ emissions by 16.19–22.11%, resulting in a reduced crop-based carbon footprint of 22.24–26.82%, and a reduced soil-based carbon footprint of 22.08–32.85%. While reducing N application by 20% increased the annual yields by 5.00–20.19% and reduced the CH₄ emission by 1.66–4.93%, it reduced crop-based carbon footprints by 1.81–10.05% and reduced soil-based carbon footprints by 7.22–19.86%. As density increased, the crop-based CF decreased, whereas the soil-based CF increased. Overall, the highest yield and the lowest soil-based CF and unit yield CF (CFy) were observed in N1D3. Regarding sustainability, a 10% reduction in N, along with an increase in density to 40%, can be recommended for double-cropping rice production.