This study emphasizes the importance of monitoring the microbiological quality of animal products, such as raw sheep’s milk and cheese, to ensure food safety. In Brazil, there is currently no legislation governing the quality of sheep’s milk and its derivatives. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate: (i) the hygienic-sanitary quality of raw sheep’s milk and cheese produced in southern Brazil; (ii) the presence of enterotoxins and Staphylococcus spp. in these products; and (iii) the susceptibility of the isolated Staphylococcus spp. to antimicrobial drugs and the presence of resistance genes. A total of 35 samples of sheep’s milk and cheese were examined. The microbiological quality and presence of enterotoxins were accessed using Petrifilm and VIDAS SET2 methods, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted using VITEK 2 equipment and the disc diffusion method. The presence of resistance genes tet(L), sul1, sul2, ermB, tetM, AAC(6)’, tetW, and strA were evaluated through PCR. In total, 39 Staphylococcus spp. were obtained. The resistance genes tetM, ermB, strA, tetL, sul1, AAC(6)’, and sul2 were detected in 82%, 59%, 36%, 28%, 23%, 3%, and 3% of isolates, respectively. The findings revealed that both raw sheep’s milk and cheese contained Staphylococcus spp. that exhibited resistance to antimicrobial drugs and harbored resistance genes. These results underscore the immediate need for specific legislation in Brazil to regulate the production and sale of these products.

Coastal ecotones are highly dynamic environments for viral studies due to their extreme abiotic conditions, transitional nature between marine and terrestrial domains and high biodiversity. In Brazil, the Restinga is a coastal ecotone along the shoreline, characterized by nutrient‐poor sandy soils, high salinity, strong winds and intense solar radiation, hosting poorly explored microbial communities essential for ecological balance. This exploratory study provides a preliminary characterization of viral diversity across three Restinga localities in southern Brazil (Imbé, Cidreira and Mostardas) using metagenomics. We identified 261 viral families, 2023 genera and 6064 species, with ‘Unknown’ representing 44%–46% of families and ~9% of genera. Among known taxa, Mimiviridae was most frequent (15%–16%), followed by Phycodnaviridae (9%), Peduoviridae (5%) and Kyanoviridae (4%–5%). Genera such as Tupanvirus and Fadolivirus were abundant (~5%), with Fadolivirus algeromassiliense and Donellivirus gee among the most frequent species. Although alpha diversity and composition did not differ significantly among sites, landscape features influenced viral communities. Viral richness and abundance increased with urban land cover and isolation but decreased with Restinga cover and patch fragmentation.

Efficient, high-quality production is essential to the swine industry, with carcass inspection by health authorities playing a crucial role in detecting abnormalities that may lead to condemnation, including enteritis. Enteritis is, usually, characterized by changes in color, mucosal integrity, intestinal wall thickness and luminal contents and has a multifactorial etiology. This study assessed and classified visual lesions attributed to enteritis and to seek for associations with known pathogens. A scoring system was applied to classify visual changes, and 30 condemned intestines were categorized as mild (< 10 points), moderate (11–20 points), or severe (> 20 points). Laboratory analyses included histopathology; isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.; and molecular detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Lawsonia intracellularis , Brachyspira pilosicoli , and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae . Lesions were classified as mild (23%), moderate (57%), and severe (20%). PCV2 and L. intracellularis DNA were detected in 60% and 23% of samples, respectively. E. coli was isolated from 57% of intestines, of which 87% exhibited antimicrobial resistance and 56% were multidrug-resistant. No samples tested positive for Salmonella spp., B. pilosicoli , or B. hyodysenteriae . Lower condemnation scores were associated with the presence of PCV2 DNA, mild lesions, and lymph nodes showing necrosis and follicular depletion. Mild lesions were also associated with a lower frequency of multidrug-resistant E. coli . The high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance is concerning from a One Health perspective. These findings underscore the importance of pathogen monitoring, antimicrobial stewardship, and strong animal welfare practices within the swine production chain.