The humanity is now at the threshold of a new era when a widening use of artificial intelligence (AI) will start a new industrial revolution. Its use inevitably leads to the problem of ethical choice, it gives rise to new legal issues that require urgent actions. The authors analyze the criminal law assessment of the actions of AI. Primarily, the still open issue of liability for the actions of AI that is capable of self-learning and makes a decision to act / not to act, which is qualified as a crime. As a result, there is a necessity to form a system of criminal law measures of counteracting crimes committed with the use of AI. It is shown that the application of AI could lead to four scenarios requiring criminal law regulation. It is stressed that there is a need for a clear, strict and effective definition of the ethical boundaries in the design, development, production, use and modification of AI. The authors argue that it should be recognized as a source of high risk. They specifically state that although the Criminal Code of the Russian Fe­deration contains norms that determine liability for cybercrimes, it does not eliminate the possibility of prosecution for infringements committed with the use of AI under the general norms of punishment for various crimes. The authors also consider it possible to establish a system to standardize and certify the activities of designing AI and putting it into operation. Meanwhile, an autonomous AI that is capable of self-learning is considerably different from other phenomena and objects, and the situation with the liability of AI which independently decides to undertake an action qualified as a crime is much more complicated. The authors analyze the resolution of the European Parliament on the possibility of granting AI legal status and discuss its key principles and meaning. They pay special attention to the issue of recognizing AI as a legal personality. It is suggested that a legal fiction should be used as a technique, when a special legal personality of AI can be perceived as an unusual legal situation that is different from reality. It is believed that such a solution can eliminate a number of existing legal limitations which prevent active involvement of AI into the legal space.

The topics of artificial intelligence (AI) and the development of intelligent technologies are highly relevant and important in the modern digital world. Over its fifty years of history, AI has developed from a theoretical concept to an intelligent system capable of making independent decisions. Key advantages of using AI include, primarily, an opportunity for mankind to get rid of routine work and to engage in creative activities that machines are not capable of. According to international consulting agencies, global business investments in digital transformation will reach 58 trillion USD by 2021, while global GDP will grow by 14 %, or 15.7 trillion USD, in connection with the active use of AI. However, its rapid evolvement poses new threats connected with AI’s ability to self-develop that the state and the society have to counteract; specifically, they have to introduce normative regulation of AI activities and to address threats arising from its functioning. The authors present a thorough analysis of the opinions of leading researchers in the field of social aspects of AI’s functioning. They also state that the regulation of the status of AI as a legal personality, not to mention its ability to commit legally meaningful actions, remains an open question today. At present, the process of creating a criminological basis for applying AI, connected with the development of new intelligent technologies, is underway, it requires actions and decisions aimed at preventing possible negative effects of its use and reacting to them on a state level. The authors’ analysis of the history of AI’s emergence and development has allowed them to outline its key features that pose criminological risks, to determine criminological risks of using AI and to present their own classification of such risks. In particular, they single out direct and indirect criminological risks of using AI. A detailed analysis has allowed the authors to identify an objective need for establishing special state agencies that will develop state policy in the sphere of normative legal regulation, control and supervision over the use of AI.

Digital technology is an integral part of our daily lives. Regardless of whether we have a computer at home, whether we use the possibilities of obtaining state and municipal services in digital form or simply operate electronic gadgets, society's dependence on technology is increasing. A secure digital environment enhances trust and contributes to the creation of a stable and prosperous nation. Government and the business community are also taking advantage of the technological revolution through greater adoption and use of digital technologies. Traditional forms of crime have also evolved, as criminal associations increasingly use the information and telecommunications network - the Internet - to commit cybercrimes and increase their profits. Digital crime is developing at an incredibly fast pace, and new types of criminal acts are constantly emerging. So we need to keep up with digital technologies, understand the opportunities they create for cybercriminals, and how they can be used as a tool to combat cybercrime. The active use of digital technologies in all spheres of social life in the last three decades formed a background for the emergence of a special type of criminals - the so-called hackers. Criminal groups of hackers pose a public danger because, if they unite, they are capable of planning a large-scale computer attack which could target, among other things, critically important information infrastructure objects. Besides, hacker groups have become a real danger for both governments, large corporations, the military, and for private persons. The trend for blurring the boundaries between hacker groups and organized crime, that the experts predicted a few years ago, has now become a reality. In fact, it is possible to say that a new independent type of organized crime has emerged - the hacking community. These circumstances make it necessary to develop a special norm that provides for the liability for organizing hacking community or participating in it. Such a norm will allow for a complex approach to the criminal law counteraction against such criminal groups by ensuring an adequate criminal law assessment of the actions of the organizers and coordinators of hackers' organizations.

Day by day, new technologies are capturing our lives. ChatGPT and other intelligent chatbots are among the most promising ones. As an LLM based on machine learning, an intelligent chatbot represents a perfect human chatbot assistant that can give an answer to any question asked, write a poem, or analyze and improve the code. Despite its potential, ethical and legal issues of using intelligent chatbots, which also might be a reason for the disputes, are among the most significant concerns. Based on the idea of responsible innovation, this paper aimed to define critical ethical and legal issues arising from using ChatGPT and other intelligent chatbots and then attempt to overcome them to increase the trustworthiness of this technology. For intelligent chatbots to be actively and effectively used for the benefit of humanity while not undermining the credibility of LLMs, we have attempted to outline the technical, legal, and ethical problems, as well as significant dispute resolution concerns arising from the use of intelligent chatbots, and to make recommendations on how to minimize the risks and threats related to it. The results of this study can be used both in the process of law-making in the field of artificial intelligence and to contribute to the limited research in this area.