In the process of tunnel construction, gypsum rock is often encountered, and the volume of gypsum rock expands when encountering water, which is easy to cause the occurrence of rock fall, collapse, and other disasters, bringing serious challenges to the safe construction of the tunnel. Therefore, in this paper, four groups of samples under different moisture content are tested by ultrasonography, uniaxial compression, conventional triaxial compression, Brazilian splitting, X‐ray diffraction, and SEM, and then the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum rock are studied, and the conclusion is as follows: the density of the water saturated sample, and the longitudinal wave velocity of the natural sample are the highest. Both the water saturation and dehydration conditions have a weakening effect on the remolded sample of high‐strength gypsum powder. The peak intensity of the sample gradually increases with the increase of confining pressure, and the relationship between the peak intensity and confining pressure of the sample conforms to the Coulomb strength criterion. After high‐temperature dehydration, the sample showed obvious plastic softening characteristics. The cohesion and internal friction angle of the sample are closely related to the water content. The cohesion is the largest in the 45°C dehydrated sample, the internal friction angle is the smallest in the saturated sample, whereas the cohesion is the smallest and internal friction is the largest in the high‐temperature dehydrated sample. The characteristics of failure for the natural and 45°C dehydrated samples are almost the same and most samples show shear or shear‐tensile failure. The shear plane begins at the edge of the end face of the sample and exhibits a typical diagonal shear failure. The high‐temperature dehydrated samples are completely broken under uniaxial and triaxial compression conditions. After high‐strength gypsum powder was used to make the remolded sample, the calcium sulfate disappeared, the water content increased, and the main mineral components of the natural and saturated samples were the same. After dehydration at 45°C, the sample began to release structural water and generate SiO₂. After high‐temperature dehydration, the hemihydrate gypsum continued to dehydrate and become soluble anhydrous gypsum.

The present experimental study on permeability characteristics for raw coal under different stress states is implemented by applying the triaxial self-made ‘THM coupled with servo-controlled seepage apparatus for gas-containing coal’; the result indicates that the flow rate of gas in the coal sample gradually decreases with the nonlinear loading of axial pressure and increases with the nonlinear unloading of axial stress and confining pressure. The flow rate, axial stress and confining pressure curves all satisfy the negative exponential function relation. When the sample reaches the peak intensity, the sample will be destroyed and the stress will drop rapidly; then the flow rate of the sample will increase rapidly. At this stage, the flow rate and axial strain show an oblique ‘v' pattern. The flow rate of the coal sample increases nonlinearly with the increase of gas pressure; the relation curve between flow rate and gas pressure satisfies the power function relation. Under the same confining pressure and gas pressure conditions, the larger the axial stress, the smaller the flow rate of the coal sample. Under the same axial stress and gas pressure conditions, the flow rate of the coal sample will first decrease, but then increase as the confining pressure decreases. During the post-peak loading and unloading process, the flow rate of the coal sample will decrease with the loading of confining pressure but increase with the unloading of confining pressure, and there will be an increase in wave shape with the increase in axial strain. The flow rate of each loading and unloading confining pressure is higher than that of the previous loading and unloading confining pressure. At the post-peak stage, the relation curve between the flow rate of the coal sample and the confining pressure satisfies the power function relation in the process of loading and unloading confining pressure.

To better apply nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to evaluate the petrophysical characterization of high-rank coal, six anthracite samples from the Baijiao coal reservoir were measured by NMR. The porosity, T ₂ cutoff value, permeability and pore type were analysed using the transverse relaxation time ( T ₂ ) spectrum before and after centrifugation. The results show that the T ₂ spectrum of water-saturated anthracite can be divided into a discontinuous and continuous trimodal distribution. According to the connectivity among pores, three T ₂ spectrum peaks were identified at the relaxation times of 0.01–1.7 ms, 1.7–65 ms and greater than 65 ms, which correspond to the micropores (less than 100 nm), mesopores (100–1000 nm) and macropores (greater than 1000 nm), respectively. Based on the T ₂ cutoff value, we divided the T ₂ spectrum into two parts: bound fluid and free fluid. By comparing two classic permeability models, we proposed a permeability model to calculate the permeability of anthracite. This result demonstrates that NMR has great significance to the exploration of coal reservoirs and to the understanding of the development of coalbed methane.

The mining of coal resources causes the stress on the front and both sides of the working face to be in a complex loading and unloading process, and the gas contained in the coal body migrates, which can cause gasdynamic disasters in severe cases. Therefore, this study designed a three-dimensional stress path based on the in situ stress distribution characteristics of the No. 2461 working face and conducted the experiment on the deformation and seepage characteristics of raw coal under simultaneous unloading (loading) axial stress and loading (unloading) confining pressure. It is considered that in the process of loading axial stress, the volumetric strain increases gradually with the increase in effective stress, and the permeability decreases exponentially with the increase in effective stress. In the process of simultaneous unloading axial stress and loading confining pressure, the volumetric strain of coal sample increases with the increase in effective stress, and the permeability decreases exponentially with the increase in effective stress. However, the processes of simultaneous loading axial stress and unloading confining pressure are opposite, and the variation curves of the two do not overlap, indicating that the coal sample undergoes elastic-plastic deformation after cyclic loading, the permeability cannot be restored to the initial state, and the volumetric strain further expands. The permeability damage rate and maximum permeability damage rate are used to evaluate the recovery degree and reduction range of coal samples' permeability. The volume expansion rate and maximum volume expansion rate are used to evaluate the expansion degree and increase range of coal samples' volume.

Rock burst is one of the most serious dynamic disasters in the process of coal resources mining, in order to study its occurrence mechanism and the characteristics of its impact on roadways. Based on the No. 25110 working face of Yuejin Mine in Yi Coal Mine and No. 21032 return air uphill event in Qianqiu Mine, combined with geological conditions, shock location, and source waveform, this paper uses numerical simulation to inverse the dynamic response characteristics of roadway surrounding rock under rock burst. The results show that the plastic strain energy density of No. 25110 working face in Yuejin Mine is mainly distributed around the roadway, and the maximum plastic strain energy density is 3.30 × 10⁷ J at 75 ms, all rock masses around the roadway are damaged, and the maximum damage variable value is 0.44. The plastic strain energy density of No. 21032 return air uphill in Qianqiu mine is mainly distributed around the lower side of the roadway, and the maximum plastic strain energy density is 2.68 × 10⁸ J at 80 ms, all rock masses around the roadway are damaged, and the maximum damage variable value is 1.76, indicating that the rock masses at the roof and two sides of the roadway have been damaged after the impact. Based on the results of numerical simulation, the energy gradient criterion of rock burst tendency was proposed, the degree of energy accumulation of surrounding rock is measured by the change amplitude of energy gradient, and the tendency index of rock burst is quantified, which provides a new method for the prediction of rock burst.

In this manuscript, we investigated the strength, deformation, and permeability of crystalline sandstone during load and unload process, and come to some conclusions as follows: the ultimate strength, axial strain and residual stress gradually increase with the increase of confining pressure. The linear Mogi-Coulomb strength criterion has a good regression effect, the Mogi-Coulomb stress circle and envelope is drawn, and the sample failure form is simple, all of which are a single shear failure. The Poisson’s ratio and deformation modulus were used to analyze the deformation characteristics of samples during loading and unloading. The permeability of the sample has a corresponding relationship with the damage deformation evolution, the permeability is almost zero before the axial stress reaches the yield strength, the permeability increases slowly when the rock specimen reaches the yield stage late, the permeability increases sharply after the rock sample was destroyed.