Myopia is one of the dominant causes of visual impairment in the world. Pathological myopia could even lead to other serious eye diseases. Researchers have reached a consensus that myopia could be caused by both environmental and genetic risk factors. Exploring the pathological mechanism of myopia can provide a scientific basis for developing measures to delay the progression of myopia or even treat it. Recent advances highlight that scleral hypoxia could be an important factor in promoting myopia. In this review, we summarized the role of scleral hypoxia in the pathology of myopia and also provided interventions for myopia that target scleral hypoxia directly or indirectly. We hope this review will aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies and drugs for myopia.

Introduction: Physical health is fundamental to a country’s socio-economic advancement. An in-depth exploration of the spatial distribution and dynamic evolution of national physical fitness across China is crucial for enhancing the country’s overall physical health. This study aims to provide valuable insights into the geographical and temporal patterns of physical fitness, informing strategies for national physical fitness improvement. Methods: Employing data from China’s national physical fitness monitoring of 31 provinces, cities, and districts for the years 2005, 2010, and 2015, this study utilizes the Gini coefficient, its decomposition, and nonparametric density estimation methods. These techniques are applied to analyze the spatial disparities and temporal trends in national physical fitness levels among different demographics, including the overall population, males, females, and urban and rural residents. Results: The study reveals that the regional disparity in China’s national physical fitness initially narrowed and then expanded across the general population, females, and in both urban and rural areas, while consistently increasing among males. In terms of geographical distribution, the East, Middle, and West regions show significant heterogeneity, with the East-West gap being the most pronounced (Gini coefficients of 0.0249, 0.0230, 0.0263). The contribution rate of regional gaps was highest (54.40% -64.69%), followed by regional disparities (24.78% -27.15%), and the contribution of hypervariable density difference was the smallest (10.53% -19.75%). Despite a slight improvement in overall national physical fitness, the absolute regional disparities have further widened. Conclusions: Provinces with lower levels of national physical fitness demonstrate a ’club convergence’ trend, indicating regional clustering of similar fitness levels. Additionally, a ’catch-up effect’ is evident in rural areas, particularly in provinces with historically lower levels of national physical fitness. These findings suggest the need for region-specific public health strategies to address the growing disparities in national physical fitness across China.

Background: Physical health is the material basis of a country’s socio-economic development, and an in-depth study of the spatial pattern and dynamic evolution of the distribution of national physical fitness in China is of great practical significance for improving national physical fitness. Methods: Based on the national health physique monitoring data of 31 provinces (cities, districts) in China in 2005, 2010 and 2015, the Gini coefficient and its decomposition method and nonparametric density estimation method were used to study the population, males, females, urban and rural nationals in China. Spatial non-equilibrium characteristics and dynamic evolution trend of healthy physique development level. Results: The regional disparities in the development level of health and physique among the general, female, urban and rural nationals in China all show a trend of narrowing at first and then expanding.There is obvious heterogeneity in the regional disparities in the development level of national health and physique within the three regions of East, Middle and West. The distribution of the nuclear density curve of the development level of the Chinese national health constitution showed a dynamic characteristic of evolution from a “spiky, multi-peak” shape to a “broad-peak, single-peak” shape. Conclusions: The low-level provinces have the characteristics of “club convergence”. However, there is a “catch-up effect” between provinces with low levels of rural national health and physique development.