Myopia is one of the dominant causes of visual impairment in the world. Pathological myopia could even lead to other serious eye diseases. Researchers have reached a consensus that myopia could be caused by both environmental and genetic risk factors. Exploring the pathological mechanism of myopia can provide a scientific basis for developing measures to delay the progression of myopia or even treat it. Recent advances highlight that scleral hypoxia could be an important factor in promoting myopia. In this review, we summarized the role of scleral hypoxia in the pathology of myopia and also provided interventions for myopia that target scleral hypoxia directly or indirectly. We hope this review will aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies and drugs for myopia.

Background: Early exercise interventions targeting lower limb muscles are critical for enhancing motor development in children with cerebral palsy (CP). While both resistance training, which enhances muscular strength and endurance, and power training, which targets explosive force production and movement velocity, fall under the umbrella of strength training, this focused review synthesizes current evidence on muscle hypertrophy resulting from these two modalities in children with CP.Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and Embase were searched through March 2025. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials assessing muscle fascicle length or proxy indicators of muscle fiber diameter following resistance or power training in children with CP. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate Cohen's d comparing strength training with regular physiotherapy.Findings: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria and were systematically reviewed, with five included in the meta-analysis. These five studies reported outcomes from 80 participants in the strength training group and 73 participants in the traditional physiotherapy group. All participants were ambulatory children classified with low to mild levels on the Gross Motor Function Classification System. Resistance training significantly increased muscle fiber diameter (d = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.54–1.09), whereas power training did not (d = 0.35, 95% CI = −0.29 to 0.99). Neither training modality produced a significant increase in muscle fascicle length (resistance training: d = 0.19, 95% CI = −0.17 to 0.56; power training: d = 0.37, 95% CI = −0.27 to 1.01). Notably, one study comparing power and resistance training demonstrated a highly significant improvement in muscle fascicle length (d = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.13–2.27), which may be attributed to the high-velocity, high-load nature of concentric power training.Interpretation: Current evidence favors resistance training to increase muscle fiber diameter in ambulatory children with CP. As individuals progress, maximal loads and repetitions should be progressively increased and complemented with explosive power training to further enhance muscle fascicle length and lower limb function. The optimal protocol for children with high levels of functional disability remains to be established.

Background: Adherence to the World Health Organization’s 24-hour movement behavior (24-HMB) guidelines is associated with various health outcomes. However, its relationship with bone mineral density (BMD) in young children has not been investigated. This study aimed to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between adherence to the 24-HMB guidelines and BMD in young children. Methods: A total of 120 children aged 3–5 years were recruited from three kindergartens in Changsha, Hunan, China. Physical activity (PA) was objectively measured using ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometers, and BMD was assessed using the Sunlight Omnisense 7000P ultrasound device. Screen time (ST) and sleep duration (SD) were reported by parents. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between guideline adherence and BMD. Results: Only 5.5% of the participants met all three guidelines for PA, ST, and SD, while 16.5% did not meet any. In the cross-sectional analysis, young children who met both ST and SD guidelines (OR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.95) had a lower risk of insufficient BMD compared to those who met none. In the one-year cohort follow-up, young children who met the PA guideline at baseline (OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.71), as well as those who met both the PA and ST guidelines (OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.83) or all three (OR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.69), had a lower risk of insufficient BMD at one year. Conclusions: Adherence to the 24-HMB guidelines may promote bone health in young children. Future research should prioritize achievable goals, such as limiting ST and ensuring adequate SD, while gradually increasing MVPA to optimize bone development.