Advanced oxidation process, via photo-catalytic oxidation process was demonstrated in this study as one of the promising techniques of simulated oily wastewater treatment. Several effective factors such as initial oil concentration, catalyst dose, stirring speed (rpm), pH value and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) dose influencing on the photo-catalytic degradation rate of oily wastewater were investigated. The catalyst used in this work was titanium dioxide (TiO₂). The solubility of oil in water was increased using emulsifier. Results indicated that the photo-catalytic oxidation process has a good removal percentage of oil from oily wastewater reached to 98.43% at optimum operating parameters of 1 g/L initial oil concentration, 850 rpm, 8 pH, 3 mL H₂O₂and 1.5 g/L of TiO₂after 40 min of irradiation time. The degradation reaction follows a first order kinetics with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 93.7%. Ultimately, the application of photo-catalytic oxidation processes at these optimum operating parameters on an industrial oily wastewater collected from an effluent stream of Ras Shukair at Red See supplied by Asuit Petrochemical Company was done in Egypt. The results showed that the best oil removal (99%) was achieved after adding 3 mL of H₂O₂in a reaction time of 40 min compared to without adding H₂O₂.

The production of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) from salty wastewater using an electrochemical cell has several advantages over other methods that often require hazardous chemicals and generate toxic waste, being more sustainable and environmentally friendly. However, the process of producing sodium hypochlorite using an electrochemical cell requires careful control of the operating conditions, such as the current density, flow rate, inert electrode spacing, and electrolyte concentration, to optimize the conversion efficiency and prevent electrode fouling and degradation. In this study, NaOCl was produced via a bench-scale electrochemical cell using a flowing porous graphite electrode in a continuous flow system from salty wastewater collected from the Suez Canal in Egypt. The aim of the investigation was to examine the factors that affect the concentration of NaOCl and energy consumption, such as anodic current density, salinity, inert electrode spacing, and influent feed flow rate. A lab-scale reactor with two electrodes was used to conduct the experiments. The highest NaOCl yield of 20.6% was achieved with a graphite electrode, which had high current efficiency and rigidity at a flow rate of 4.5 mL/min, a current density of 3.183 mA/cm², an electrode space of 0.5 cm, salinity of 40,000 ppm, and a pH of 6.4. The power consumption under these conditions was 0.0137 kwh. Additionally, a statistical and least square multivariate regression technique was employed to establish a correlation for predicting the % NaOCl production. The obtained correlation had an R² value of 98.4%. Overall, this investigation provides valuable insights into the production of NaOCl using a continuous flow system from salty wastewater, which could have potential for industrial applications in various sectors such as textiles, detergents, paper, and pulp.

This current work displays experimental results obtained from assessing the methyl esters from the local waste cooking oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines using a heterogeneous catalyst based on agricultural waste. The performance of the diesel engines and their exhaust emissions have been experimentally investigated using the produced biodiesel from waste cooking oil as a blend with fossil fuel (B10, B15, and B20) compared to the diesel. The reusability of the catalyst confirmed a high conversion efficiency after 8 cycles of the production. The highest conversion efficiency of the converting waste cooking oil extended to 90.38% with 92.5% maximum mass yield and methyl ester content of 97.7% wt. at the optimized conditions. According to the results, the effective blend for thermal efficiency and specific fuel usage is B15. Also, all emission concentrations decrease with increasing the engine load, especially for B15 fuels compared to diesel oil.

Global plastic production and its accumulation in landfills have increased over the years due to the wide applications of plastic in commercial units. The methods of recycling and energy recovery have been some of the alternatives that have been developed for the management of plastic waste. The paper aims to solve the problem of getting rid of plastic waste in safe and environmentally friendly ways, as well as exploiting it to obtain a source of energy. The pyrolysis technique was used using an operative catalyst. A reactor was designed with a thermal heat source and the oil condensation was done on a water container. Factors affecting biodiesel production yield are studied, including the amount of catalyst used, temperature, and reaction time. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel produced were determined, such as the density by using the Anton Paar Density device method (ASTM D4052), the flash point by using the Stanhope-Seta Flash Point Tester device method (ASTM D93), and the pour point by using the HK-3535 Pour Point Tester device method (ASTM D97). At the optimum conditions of the experiment, it was achieved the highest yield of 57%wt/wt with a conversion rate of 98% at 1:100%wt of catalyst to the raw material at a temperature of 275°C, where the process takes 80 minutes. The liquid product had been found to be feasible as diesel fuel.

Renewable energy is vital for countering fossil fuel depletion and pollution, offering flexibility through its diverse and sustainable sources. Biofuels, derived from renewable organic materials, are a major renewable resource with a low carbon footprint, non-toxic, biodegradable, and sulfur-free, reducing emissions and health risks. Salmon oils pose environmental hazards and are challenging to dispose of properly. Therefore, it was proposed to convert them into biodiesel fuel as a sustainable solution. The process applied transesterification, employing methanol and potassium hydroxide as the catalyst to convert the oil into methyl ester. The impact of four parameters—reaction time, temperature, methanol and catalyst concentration were investigated. Experiments were conducted through various ranges for each variable: temperature was studied from 40 °C to 65 °C in increments of 5 °C, methanol concentrations from 10 % to 20 % in increments of 5 % wt./wt., catalyst concentration from 0.25 % to 1.5 % in increments of 0.25 % wt./wt., and reaction time from 15 to 90 minutes in increments of 15 minutes. The optimal conditions were determined using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model in Design Expert 13, based on optimization procedures for the settings of factorial variables, aiming for the minimum temperature, time, and catalyst concentration, with a methanol range of 10 % to 20 % by wt. The optimal production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) occurred at a reaction temperature of 50 ℃, with 20% methanol by weight and 0.875% potassium hydroxide by weight, for 60 minutes, getting a maximum yield of 89.07%.

This exploration investigates integrated treatment systems combining advanced oxidation processes (Fenton and photo-Fenton) with biological methods for the effective elimination of stubborn organic compounds in simulated textile wastewater composed of azo Dichlorotriazine dye. A comprehensive optimization of key process factors including catalyst dosage, hydrogen peroxide quantity, irradiation duration, etc. was systematically conducted for both Fenton and photo-Fenton processes to realize maximum COD and color removal. Under ideal conditions (0.4 g/L photocatalyst, 1 mL/L H₂O₂, and 75-Watt UV intensity for 60 min), the photo-Fenton process realized 80% COD elimination and complete decolorization, meeting industrial discharge limits without needing extra biological treatment. Statistical models correlating process parameters to treatment efficiency were developed, giving important design insights. For Fenton, effluent COD exceeded discharge thresholds, so a post-biological treatment using activated sludge was essential to comply with regulations. This integrated Fenton–biological scheme utilizes synergism between chemical and biological processes for enhanced overall treatment. Notable economic benefits were achieved by photo-Fenton over conventional UV-only and UV/H₂O₂ methods regarding energy consumption and operating costs. Overall, this pioneering work successfully proves integrated advanced oxidation–biological systems as a superior, sustainable alternative to traditional techniques for economically removing obstinate pollutants, such as azo Dichlorotriazine dye, as it is a simulated textile wastewater treatment used to satisfy environmental standards.