The augmentation of lubricant oil properties is key to protecting engines, bearings, and machine parts from damage due to friction and wear and minimizing energy lost in countering friction. The tribological and rheological properties of the lubricants are of utmost importance to prevent wear under unembellished conditions. The marginal addition of particulate and filamentous nanofillers enhances these properties, making the lubricant oil stable under severe operating conditions. This research explores the improvement in SAE 5w-30 base oil performance after the addition of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in six marginal compositions, namely, Base, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10 weight percentage. The effect of the addition of MWCNTs on flash and pour points, thermal conductivity, kinematic viscosity, friction coefficients, and wear are investigated and reported. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy are used to characterize the MWCNTs. The purity, crystallinity, size, shape, and orientation of the MWCNTs are confirmed by XRD and TEM characterization. Pour points and flash points increase by adding MWCNTs but inconsistency is observed after the 0.06 wt.% composition. The thermal conductivity and kinematic viscosity increase significantly and consistently. The friction coefficient and wear scar diameter reduce to 0.06 wt.% MWCNTs and then the trend is reversed due to agglomeration and inhomogeneity. A composition of 0.06 wt.% is identified as the optimum considering all the investigated properties. This composition ensures the stability of the tribo-film and hydrodynamic lubrication.

Encapsulation is a technique in which the liquid droplets individual shells can be packed with solid particles by the continuous system. Shells may be called wall, the shells are designed to protect the material from factors that may cause deterioration. The wall design controls the release of encapsulation material core under the required conditions. The applications of encapsulation in the food industry have their importance. Sensitive materials such as essential oils and oleoresins protect from chemical reactions, oxidation and evaporation, by encapsulation in the dry form. Encapsulation of aromatic compounds preserve the organoleptic profile of the product until use and this can ensure the high quality and commercial value of the product. In this review article, several encapsulation techniques that are used commercially or are being applied in the food industry are discussed. This includes spray drying, spray cooling, spray chilling, fluid bed, extrusion, co-crystallization, co-acervation, molecular inclusions and liposome.

The increasing demand for diesel fuel and environmental concerns encouraged the use of bio-oils as alternative fuels in diesel engines. Extraction method affects oil yield, extraction time, and the physical and chemical properties of the produced oil.The latter influence engine performance and emissions. This research aims to find the optimum method for producing bio-oil from Egyptian jatropha seeds. Four extraction methods were considered, namely screw press, hydraulic press, Soxhlet, and solvent. A screw press was designed to produce bio-oil at extraction temperature of 100°C . A hydraulic press and solvent extraction methods were used to extract oil at room temperature. The effects of extraction temperature and time on produced bio-oils were studied for the four processes. Correlations were deduced to relate viscosities and densities with oil temperatures .The effect of extraction methods on free fatty acid (FFA) compositions was measured. Temperature affected oil viscosity and density by the different processes. Screw press proved to be the optimum process. The use of the screw press extraction reduced FFA to 2.7% compared to a Soxhlet value of 21.1%. Extraction times were2 400, 7200, 30 and 720 min for oil extraction yields of 25, 20, 19 and 11% for Soxhlet, solvent, screw press and hydraulic press extraction processes, respectively.

THE INCREASE in fuel demand consumption led to search about alternative fuels. Screw press was used to extract oil from roselle seeds at a temperature of 45 degrees C and motor speed of 30 rpm. Biodiesel was produced from roselle oil. Biodiesel blends were prepared from diesel and roselle biodiesel in volume percentages of 10 and 20 %. The experiments were run at engine load variations from start to full load. Thermal efficiency for roselle methyl ester blends was higher than diesel oil. Biodiesel blends achieved lower specific fuel consumptions of roselle methyl ester blends about diesel fuel. CO and HC emissions for biodiesel blends were decreased of diesel fuel. Biodiesel blends showed higher NOx emissions for biodiesel blends about diesel fuel. Roselle 'methyl ester blends up to 20% percentage are used as alternative fuels because performance and emissions were improved compared to diesel fuel.